Introduction
This page is the result of the aggregation of content from 20 sources. At Phyto-info, we have indexed, assembled and synthesized all the information found to summarize it, to make it readable and easy to access. We have carefully selected our sources from recognized and reliable people.
- Physician(s) 3
- Pharmacist(s) 5
- Herbalist(s) 10
- Other 2
- Doctor & Ethnobotanist Dr. Gérard Debuigne is a French doctor, specializing in phytotherapy and nutrition. Hi co-author, Dr. François Couplan is a French ethnobotanist and writer, specializing in the traditional uses of wild edible plants, which he has studied on all five continents and of which he is a pioneer in Europe.
- Physician Dr. Jean Valnet (1920-1995) was a French physician and surgeon, specializing in herbal medicine in the fields of phytotherapy and aromatherapy.
- Physician Dr. François-Joseph Cazin (1788-1864) was a French physician. Author of an imposing Practical and Reasoned Treatise on Indigenous Medicinal Plants, he is considered the ancestor of the French school of phytotherapy.
- Pharmacist Dr Jean Bruneton, honorary university professor, taught pharmacognosy at the Faculty of Pharmacy in Angers for 30 years. He is also a specialist in phytochemistry and has co-authored a hundred international scientific publications.
- Pharmacists Dr. Jacques Fleurentin is a doctor of pharmacy, lecturer at the University of Metz and President of the French Society of Ethnopharmacology. Its co-author, Dr. Jean-Claude Hayon, is a pharmacist and professor of botany.
- Pharmacists Dr. Claudine Luu is a doctor of pharmacy and natural sciences, she founded the Phytofrance laboratory, as well as the oldest herbalist school in France, IMDERPLAM located in the HĂ©rault. Its co-author, Dr. Annie Fournier, is a doctor of pharmacy, specializing in phytotherapy and relaxation therapies.
- Pharmacist Dr. Carole Minker, pharmacist, has studied the traditional uses of medicinal plants by people around the world.
- Pharmacist Dr. Gilles Corjon is a doctor of pharmacy. Dr. Gilles Corjon is a doctor of pharmacy. Co-manager of a traditional herbalist shop for more than 25 years, he is currently a teacher and scientific director at the Lyon School of Medicinal Plants and Natural Knowledge.
- Herbalist Andrew Chevallier is an experienced medical herbalist and author of books on botanical medicine. He is a member and past president of the National Institute of Medical Herbalists and a member of the College of Practitioners of Herbal Medicine. He also helped found the Herbal Medicine Course at Middlesex University.
- Herbalist Yves Vanopdenbosch is a graduate hospital nurse trained in Belgium, he directs the École des Plantes where he teaches traditional European phytotherapy.
- Herbalist Marie-Antoinette Mulot (1919-1999) was a French herbalist by virtue of her training as an herbalist at the Faculty of Pharmacy of Montpellier, she was the last to graduate in 1941.
- Herbalist Paul Iserin is head of the phytotherapy department at the Bobigny Faculty of Medicine.
- Herbalist Paul-Victor Fournier (1877-1964) was a French canon and botanist. His major work, 'Les quatre flores de France', published between 1934 and 1940, remains a reference work for the identification of plants in the field.
- Herbalist Terry Breverton, a contemporary British author with a passion for Welsh heritage, has rewritten Culpeper's famous book for a more modern audience. Nicholas Culpeper (1616-1654) was an English botanist known as the poor man's doctor, making herbal medicine accessible to all. His book, commonly referred to as Culpeper's Complete Herbal, was a huge success when it was first published and has been reprinted ever since.
- Herbalist Michel Dubray is an herbalist, a diploma approved by the French community in Belgium. He is also a nutritherapist who graduated from the School of Natural Medicine and Ethnomedicine in Paris.
- Herbalist Jessica Houdret has a passion for herbs, she has grown them commercially and has led workshops on their many uses. She served on the board of the British Herb Trade Association for several years and served as a director.
- Herbalist Christophe Bernard is an herbalist. He studied medicinal plants in the United States for 15 years. Back in his native Provence, he devoted himself to his passion as a health practitioner.
- Herbalist Yves Vanopdenbosch is a graduate hospital nurse trained in Belgium, he directs the École des Plantes where he teaches traditional European phytotherapy.
- Journalist Solange Fleurus has been a freelance health journalist for more than fifteen years.
- Journalist Sophie Lacoste, editor-in-chief of Rebelle-Santé magazine, has also run the health section of TV magazine for around twenty years.
However, Phyto-info is not responsible for what these sources tell us. We only report them in a different format.
Practical information
Family
Asteraceae
Parts used
- Aerial section
- Flower
- Seed
Picking info
- Collect the seeds in late summer or early fall, when the flower heads are completely dry, and then store in a cool, dry place away from light
- Harvest the aerial parts of the plant when the flowers are in full bloom during the summer, dry them by hanging them in the shade, then store them in paper bags or airtight jars
- Pick the flowers when they are in full bloom during the summer, dry them flat in the shade to preserve their beautiful blue color, then store them in paper bags or airtight jars
Medicine cabinet
- Dried aerial part
- Dried flower
- Dried seed powder
38 traditional uses
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Aphtha 1
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Ascite 1
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Blepharitis 5
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Bronchitis 5
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Capillary fragility 1
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Chapped skin 1
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Cold 2
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Conjunctivitis 13
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Constipation 3
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Contracture 1
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Dandruff 2
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Dermatitis 2
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Dermatosis 5
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Dry eyes 5
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Dysphonia 1
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Edema 4
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Eye strain 5
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Fever 1
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Gingivitis 1
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Gout 1
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Hair care 2
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Hepatopathy 1
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Icterus 3
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Insect bite 1
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Mastitis 1
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Mucositis 1
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Nervousness 1
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Pharyngitis 1
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Retinopathy 1
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Rheumatism 7
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Rosacea 1
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Skin care 2
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Skin graze 1
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Stomatitis 1
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Stye 7
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Tachycardia 1
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Venolymphatic insufficiency 1
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Dosages
Internal decoction
Place approx. 4 g of dried herbs in 150 ml (1 teacup) of cold water, simmer for 10 minutes, strain, and drink 3 to 4 cups per day 1
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 177, "15 à 25 g de plante par litre"]. Editions Vigot.
External infusion
Infuse approx. 4 g of dried flowers in 150 ml (1 teacup) of simmering water for 10 minutes off the heat, strain, and use warm in compresses, washes, eye baths, gargles, or mouthwashes 8
- Contemporary French physician & ethnobotanist Débuigne, G., & Couplan, F. (2019). Le Petit Larousse des plantes médicinales [p. 64, "2 cuillérées à café de fleurs […] par tasse d’eau bouillante, laisser tiédir"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 349, "20 g pour 1/4 de litre d’eau"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Contemporary French journalist Fleurus, S. (2019). Phytothérapie minute : les 94 plantes incontournables pour soigner efficacement tous les maux du quotidien [p. 40, "30 grammes de fleurs séchées dans un litre d’au [sic] pendant cinq minutes […] en compresse ou en gargarisme"]. Editions Contre-dires.
- Contemporary French journalist Lacoste, S. (2022). Ma bible des plantes qui soignent: le guide de référence de la phytothérapie [p. 93, "mettez-en une dizaine [de fleurs] au fond d’une tasse, couvrez d’eau bouillante et laissez infuser 10 minutes puis filtrez avec un linge fin,"]. Leduc.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 123, "(bains et lavage oculaire) ou gargarisme, 3 fois/jour, 1 c. à café pour 1 tasse (20 à 40 g/l de capitules entiers), stériliser en laissant bouillir 5 minutes (ou en laissant infuser 15 minutes)"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 98, "1 cuillère à café de fleurs de bleuet pour 15 cl d’eau frémissante, à faire infuser 5 à 10 minutes"]. Larousse.
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 177, "une cuillère à dessert pour une tasse, bouillir 5 minutes"]. Editions Vigot.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Vanopdenbosch, Y. (2022). Herba medicinalis: 210 monographies de plantes médicinales [p. 73, "1 cuillère à soupe par tasse, infusion 10 minutes, en collyre, bain d’oeil, compresse, gargarisme ou bain de bouche"]. Editions Amyris.
Internal infusion
Infuse approx. 4 g of dried flowers in 150 ml (1 teacup) of simmering water for 10 minutes off the heat, strain, and drink 2 to 3 cups per day between meals 7
- Contemporary French journalist Fleurus, S. (2019). Phytothérapie minute : les 94 plantes incontournables pour soigner efficacement tous les maux du quotidien [p. 40, "3 à 4 grammes de fleurs dans une tasse, à laisser infuser cinq minutes, buvez-en deux tasses par jour"]. Editions Contre-dires.
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 228, "40g [de fleurs] par litre d’eau, laisser infuser 20 min, une tasse avant chaque repas"]. Omnibus.
- Contemporary French journalist Lacoste, S. (2022). Ma bible des plantes qui soignent: le guide de référence de la phytothérapie [p. 93, "40 g par litre d’eau, en laissant infuser 20 minutes […] une tasse avant chaque repas"]. Leduc.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 123, "3 à 4 g de fleurs séchées dans 1 tasse d’eau bouillante, 2 tasses/jour"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 98, "1 cuillère à café de fleurs de bleuet pour 15 cl d’eau frémissante, à faire infuser 5 à 10 minutes. […] jusqu’à 3 tasses par jour"]. Larousse.
- French herbalist of the twentieth century Mulot, M.-A. (1987). Secrets d'une herboriste : 250 plantes médicinales [p. 76, "20 à 30 g pour 1 litre d’eau bouillante, infuser 10 minutes, 1 à 3 tasses par jour entre les repas"]. Edition du Club France Loisirs.
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 177, "2 pincées par tasse, infuser 10 minutes, 3 tasses par jour, entre ou avant les repas"]. Editions Vigot.
Powder of dried plants internal intake
Take 2g of dried seed powder in 1 tablespoon of honey on an empty stomach in the morning for a purgative effect, and 4g against jaundice 3
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 123, "graines en poudre, 2 g dans 1 c. à soupe de miel le matin à jeun"]. Terre Vivante.
- French herbalist of the twentieth century Mulot, M.-A. (1987). Secrets d'une herboriste : 250 plantes médicinales [p. 76, "2 grammes + 1 cuillérée à soupe de miel à jeun le matin […] en cas d’ictère 4 g + miel pendant 4 jour"]. Edition du Club France Loisirs.
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 177, "2 g dans un de miel, purgative, 4 g dans un peu de miel contre l’ictère"]. Editions Vigot.
30 plant properties
Anti-bacterial 2
- Contemporary English herbalist Chevallier, A. (2013). Encyclopedia of herbal medicine [p. 189, "antibiotic"]. Penguin Random House.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 99, "antibactérien"]. Larousse.
Anti-inflammatory 7
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Bruneton, J. (2016). Pharmacognosie: phytochimie, plantes médicinales (5e éd.) [p. 549, "anti-inflammatoire"]. Lavoisier.
- Contemporary French physician & ethnobotanist Débuigne, G., & Couplan, F. (2019). Le Petit Larousse des plantes médicinales [p. 64, "anti-inflammatoire"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 348, "anti-inflammatoires"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Contemporary French journalist Fleurus, S. (2019). Phytothérapie minute : les 94 plantes incontournables pour soigner efficacement tous les maux du quotidien [p. 40, "anti-inflammatoire"]. Editions Contre-dires.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 123, "anti-inflammatoire"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 99, "anti-inflammatoires"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Vanopdenbosch, Y. (2022). Herba medicinalis: 210 monographies de plantes médicinales [p. 73, "anti-inflammatoire"]. Editions Amyris.
Anticholinergic 1
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 349, "anticholinergique"]. Editions Ouest-France.
Antineuralgic 1
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 177, "antinévralgique"]. Editions Vigot.
Antiophthalmic 2
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 176, "antiophtalmique"]. Editions Vigot.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Vanopdenbosch, Y. (2022). Herba medicinalis: 210 monographies de plantes médicinales [p. 73, "anti-ophtalmique"]. Editions Amyris.
Antioxidant 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 99, "antioxydant"]. Larousse.
Antipruritic 2
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Bruneton, J. (2016). Pharmacognosie: phytochimie, plantes médicinales (5e éd.) [p. 549, "antiprurigineux"]. Lavoisier.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 349, "antiprurigineux"]. Editions Ouest-France.
Antirheumatic 4
- Contemporary French physician & ethnobotanist Débuigne, G., & Couplan, F. (2019). Le Petit Larousse des plantes médicinales [p. 64, "antirhumatismal"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 123, "antirhumatismal"]. Terre Vivante.
- French herbalist of the twentieth century Mulot, M.-A. (1987). Secrets d'une herboriste : 250 plantes médicinales [p. 77, "antirhumatismal"]. Edition du Club France Loisirs.
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 176, "antirhumatismal"]. Editions Vigot.
Antitussive 1
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 123, "béchique"]. Terre Vivante.
Aperitive 2
- Contemporary English herbalist Chevallier, A. (2013). Encyclopedia of herbal medicine [p. 189, "bittertonic"]. Penguin Random House.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 98, "ouvrir l’appétit"]. Larousse.
Astringent 7
- Nineteenth century French physician Cazin, F.-J. (1876). Traité pratique et raisonné des plantes médicinales indigènes et acclimatées : avec un atlas de 200 plantes lithographiées (4e ed.) [p. 201, "léger astringent"]. P. Asselin, libraire de la faculté de medecine. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58310855/
- Contemporary French physician & ethnobotanist Débuigne, G., & Couplan, F. (2019). Le Petit Larousse des plantes médicinales [p. 64, "astringente"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 348, "légèrement astringents"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 123, "astringent léger"]. Terre Vivante.
- French herbalist of the twentieth century Mulot, M.-A. (1987). Secrets d'une herboriste : 250 plantes médicinales [p. 77, "astringent"]. Edition du Club France Loisirs.
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 176, "léger astringent"]. Editions Vigot.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Vanopdenbosch, Y. (2022). Herba medicinalis: 210 monographies de plantes médicinales [p. 73, "astringent"]. Editions Amyris.
Capillary protector 1
- Contemporary French physician & ethnobotanist Débuigne, G., & Couplan, F. (2019). Le Petit Larousse des plantes médicinales [p. 64, "resserrent les capillaires"]. Larousse.
Cholagogue 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 98, "stimuler l’évacuation de la bile"]. Larousse.
Demulcent 5
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Bruneton, J. (2016). Pharmacognosie: phytochimie, plantes médicinales (5e éd.) [p. 549, "adoucissant"]. Lavoisier.
- Contemporary French physician & ethnobotanist Débuigne, G., & Couplan, F. (2019). Le Petit Larousse des plantes médicinales [p. 64, "adoucissante"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 349, "adoucissant"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 123, "adoucissant"]. Terre Vivante.
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 176, "adoucissant"]. Editions Vigot.
Depurative 1
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 176, "dépuratif"]. Editions Vigot.
Digestive 3
- Contemporary English herbalist Chevallier, A. (2013). Encyclopedia of herbal medicine [p. 189, "improving digestion"]. Penguin Random House.
- Contemporary French journalist Fleurus, S. (2019). Phytothérapie minute : les 94 plantes incontournables pour soigner efficacement tous les maux du quotidien [p. 40, "favorise une bonne digestion"]. Editions Contre-dires.
- Contemporary French herbalist Iserin, P. et al. (2017). Larousse des plantes médicinales: identification, préparation, soins [p. 186, "facilitent la digestion"]. Larousse.
Diuretic 9
- Nineteenth century French physician Cazin, F.-J. (1876). Traité pratique et raisonné des plantes médicinales indigènes et acclimatées : avec un atlas de 200 plantes lithographiées (4e ed.) [p. 201, "diurétique"]. P. Asselin, libraire de la faculté de medecine. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58310855/
- Contemporary French physician & ethnobotanist Débuigne, G., & Couplan, F. (2019). Le Petit Larousse des plantes médicinales [p. 64, "diurétique"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 348, "diurétique"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Contemporary French journalist Fleurus, S. (2019). Phytothérapie minute : les 94 plantes incontournables pour soigner efficacement tous les maux du quotidien [p. 40, "diurétiques"]. Editions Contre-dires.
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 228, "diurétiques"]. Omnibus.
- Contemporary French journalist Lacoste, S. (2022). Ma bible des plantes qui soignent: le guide de référence de la phytothérapie [p. 93, "diurétique"]. Leduc.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 123, "diurétique"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 98, "diurétique"]. Larousse.
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 176, "diurétique"]. Editions Vigot.
Emollient 1
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Vanopdenbosch, Y. (2022). Herba medicinalis: 210 monographies de plantes médicinales [p. 73, "émollient"]. Editions Amyris.
Expectorant 2
- Contemporary French journalist Fleurus, S. (2019). Phytothérapie minute : les 94 plantes incontournables pour soigner efficacement tous les maux du quotidien [p. 40, "décongestionner les bronches"]. Editions Contre-dires.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 123, "décongestionnant des bronches"]. Terre Vivante.
Febrifuge 4
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 349, "fébrifuge"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 228, "fébrifuge"]. Omnibus.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 123, "antipyrétique"]. Terre Vivante.
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 176, "fébrifuge"]. Editions Vigot.
Free radical scavenger 1
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 349, "antiradicaux libres"]. Editions Ouest-France.
Hepatoprotective 2
- Contemporary English herbalist Chevallier, A. (2013). Encyclopedia of herbal medicine [p. 189, "supporting the liver"]. Penguin Random House.
- Contemporary French herbalist Iserin, P. et al. (2017). Larousse des plantes médicinales: identification, préparation, soins [p. 186, "renforcent l’activité du foie"]. Larousse.
Immunostimulant 2
- Contemporary English herbalist Chevallier, A. (2013). Encyclopedia of herbal medicine [p. 189, "improving resistance to infection"]. Penguin Random House.
- Contemporary French herbalist Iserin, P. et al. (2017). Larousse des plantes médicinales: identification, préparation, soins [p. 186, "renforce […] la résistance à l’infection"]. Larousse.
Laxative 3
- Contemporary English herbalist Chevallier, A. (2013). Encyclopedia of herbal medicine [p. 189, "mild laxative (seed)"]. Penguin Random House.
- Contemporary French herbalist Iserin, P. et al. (2017). Larousse des plantes médicinales: identification, préparation, soins [p. 186, "laxatif léger (seed)"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 123, "laxatif"]. Terre Vivante.
Pectoral 2
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 348, "pectorale"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 228, "pectorales"]. Omnibus.
Purgative 2
- French herbalist of the twentieth century Mulot, M.-A. (1987). Secrets d'une herboriste : 250 plantes médicinales [p. 76, "purgatives (seed)"]. Edition du Club France Loisirs.
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 176, "purgatif (seed)"]. Editions Vigot.
Sedative 4
- Contemporary French physician & ethnobotanist Débuigne, G., & Couplan, F. (2019). Le Petit Larousse des plantes médicinales [p. 64, "calmantes"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 349, "sédatif"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- French herbalist of the twentieth century Mulot, M.-A. (1987). Secrets d'une herboriste : 250 plantes médicinales [p. 77, "sédatif"]. Edition du Club France Loisirs.
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 176, "calmant"]. Editions Vigot.
Tonic 7
- Contemporary 17th century English herbalist Breverton, T., &Culpeper, N. (1653/2011). Breverton's complete herbal: a book of remarkable plants and their uses [p. 112, "tonic"]. Quercus.
- Contemporary English herbalist Chevallier, A. (2013). Encyclopedia of herbal medicine [p. 189, "stimulant"]. Penguin Random House.
- Contemporary French physician & ethnobotanist Débuigne, G., & Couplan, F. (2019). Le Petit Larousse des plantes médicinales [p. 64, "toniques"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French journalist Fleurus, S. (2019). Phytothérapie minute : les 94 plantes incontournables pour soigner efficacement tous les maux du quotidien [p. 40, "tonifiantes"]. Editions Contre-dires.
- Contemporary French herbalist Iserin, P. et al. (2017). Larousse des plantes médicinales: identification, préparation, soins [p. 186, "stimulante"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 123, "tonique"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 98, "tonique"]. Larousse.
Trophic protector 2
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Bruneton, J. (2016). Pharmacognosie: phytochimie, plantes médicinales (5e éd.) [p. 549, "trophique protecteur"]. Lavoisier.
- French herbalist of the twentieth century Mulot, M.-A. (1987). Secrets d'une herboriste : 250 plantes médicinales [p. 76, "tonifie […] l’épiderme"]. Edition du Club France Loisirs.
Veinotonic 1
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 349, "veinotropes"]. Editions Ouest-France.
41 constituents
Acetylene 1
- Contemporary English herbalist Chevallier, A. (2013). Encyclopedia of herbal medicine [p. 189, "acetylenes"]. Penguin Random House.
Anthocyan 10
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Bruneton, J. (2016). Pharmacognosie: phytochimie, plantes médicinales (5e éd.) [p. 549, "anthocyanosides"]. Lavoisier.
- Contemporary English herbalist Chevallier, A. (2013). Encyclopedia of herbal medicine [p. 189, "anthocyanins"]. Penguin Random House.
- Contemporary French physician & ethnobotanist Débuigne, G., & Couplan, F. (2019). Le Petit Larousse des plantes médicinales [p. 64, "anthocyanosides"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Dubray, M. (2018). Guide des contre-indications des principales plantes médicinales [p. 75, "anthocyanes"]. Editions Lucien Souny.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 349, "anthocyanosides"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Contemporary French herbalist Iserin, P. et al. (2017). Larousse des plantes médicinales: identification, préparation, soins [p. 185, "anthocyanosides"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 123, "anthocyanosides"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 98, "anthocyanes"]. Larousse.
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 176, "anthocyanine"]. Editions Vigot.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Vanopdenbosch, Y. (2022). Herba medicinalis: 210 monographies de plantes médicinales [p. 73, "anthocyanosides"]. Editions Amyris.
Beta-sitosterol 2
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 349, "β-sitostérol"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Vanopdenbosch, Y. (2022). Herba medicinalis: 210 monographies de plantes médicinales [p. 73, "β-sitostérol"]. Editions Amyris.
Centapicrin 2
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 349, "centapicrine"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Vanopdenbosch, Y. (2022). Herba medicinalis: 210 monographies de plantes médicinales [p. 73, "centapicrine"]. Editions Amyris.
Centaurein 1
- French herbalist of the twentieth century Mulot, M.-A. (1987). Secrets d'une herboriste : 250 plantes médicinales [p. 76, "centauréine"]. Edition du Club France Loisirs.
Centauroside 2
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 349, "centauroside"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Vanopdenbosch, Y. (2022). Herba medicinalis: 210 monographies de plantes médicinales [p. 73, "centauroside"]. Editions Amyris.
Cnicin 5
- Contemporary English herbalist Chevallier, A. (2013). Encyclopedia of herbal medicine [p. 189, "cnicin"]. Penguin Random House.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Dubray, M. (2018). Guide des contre-indications des principales plantes médicinales [p. 75, "cnicine"]. Editions Lucien Souny.
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 228, "cnicine"]. Omnibus.
- French herbalist of the twentieth century Mulot, M.-A. (1987). Secrets d'une herboriste : 250 plantes médicinales [p. 76, "centaurine"]. Edition du Club France Loisirs.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Vanopdenbosch, Y. (2022). Herba medicinalis: 210 monographies de plantes médicinales [p. 73, "cnicine"]. Editions Amyris.
Coumarin 2
- Contemporary English herbalist Chevallier, A. (2013). Encyclopedia of herbal medicine [p. 189, "coumarins"]. Penguin Random House.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 98, "coumarines"]. Larousse.
Cyanine 2
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 228, "cyanine"]. Omnibus.
- French herbalist of the twentieth century Mulot, M.-A. (1987). Secrets d'une herboriste : 250 plantes médicinales [p. 76, "cyanine"]. Edition du Club France Loisirs.
Cyanocentaurein 2
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 349, "cyanocentauréine"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Vanopdenbosch, Y. (2022). Herba medicinalis: 210 monographies de plantes médicinales [p. 73, "cyanocentauréine"]. Editions Amyris.
Eustomine 2
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 349, "eustomine"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Vanopdenbosch, Y. (2022). Herba medicinalis: 210 monographies de plantes médicinales [p. 73, "eustomine"]. Editions Amyris.
Ferulic acid 2
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 349, "acide férulique"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Vanopdenbosch, Y. (2022). Herba medicinalis: 210 monographies de plantes médicinales [p. 73, "acide férulique"]. Editions Amyris.
Flavonoid 6
- Contemporary English herbalist Chevallier, A. (2013). Encyclopedia of herbal medicine [p. 189, "flavonoids"]. Penguin Random House.
- Contemporary French physician & ethnobotanist Débuigne, G., & Couplan, F. (2019). Le Petit Larousse des plantes médicinales [p. 64, "flavonoïdes"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Dubray, M. (2018). Guide des contre-indications des principales plantes médicinales [p. 75, "flavonoïdes"]. Editions Lucien Souny.
- Contemporary French herbalist Iserin, P. et al. (2017). Larousse des plantes médicinales: identification, préparation, soins [p. 185, "flavonoïdes"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 123, "flavonoïdes"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 98, "flavonoïdes"]. Larousse.
Galacturonic polysaccharide 2
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Bruneton, J. (2016). Pharmacognosie: phytochimie, plantes médicinales (5e éd.) [p. 549, "polysaccharide galacturonique"]. Lavoisier.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Vanopdenbosch, Y. (2022). Herba medicinalis: 210 monographies de plantes médicinales [p. 73, "polysaccharides galacturoniques"]. Editions Amyris.
Gentianine 2
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 349, "gentianine"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Vanopdenbosch, Y. (2022). Herba medicinalis: 210 monographies de plantes médicinales [p. 73, "gentianine"]. Editions Amyris.
Gentiopicroside 2
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 349, "gentiopicroside"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Vanopdenbosch, Y. (2022). Herba medicinalis: 210 monographies de plantes médicinales [p. 73, "gentiopicroside"]. Editions Amyris.
Indole alkaloid 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 98, "alcaloïdes indoliques"]. Larousse.
Magnesium 1
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Dubray, M. (2018). Guide des contre-indications des principales plantes médicinales [p. 75, "Mg"]. Editions Lucien Souny.
Manganese 1
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 228, "manganèse"]. Omnibus.
Mineral salt 1
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 228, "sels"]. Omnibus.
Mucilage 2
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 228, "mucilage"]. Omnibus.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Vanopdenbosch, Y. (2022). Herba medicinalis: 210 monographies de plantes médicinales [p. 73, "mucilages"]. Editions Amyris.
P-coumaric acid 1
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 349, "acide […] p-coumarique"]. Editions Ouest-France.
Pectin 1
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 349, "pectine"]. Editions Ouest-France.
Pelargonine 1
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 176, "pélargonine"]. Editions Vigot.
Phenolic acid 3
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 349, "acides phénoliques"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 98, "acides phénoliques"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Vanopdenbosch, Y. (2022). Herba medicinalis: 210 monographies de plantes médicinales [p. 73, "acides-phénols"]. Editions Amyris.
Phosphoric acid 1
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 228, "acide phosphorique"]. Omnibus.
Phytosterol 2
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 349, "phytostérols"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Vanopdenbosch, Y. (2022). Herba medicinalis: 210 monographies de plantes médicinales [p. 73, "phytostérols"]. Editions Amyris.
Polyphenol 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 98, "polyphénols"]. Larousse.
Polysaccharide 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 98, "polysaccharides"]. Larousse.
Polyyne 7
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Bruneton, J. (2016). Pharmacognosie: phytochimie, plantes médicinales (5e éd.) [p. 549, "polyines"]. Lavoisier.
- Contemporary French physician & ethnobotanist Débuigne, G., & Couplan, F. (2019). Le Petit Larousse des plantes médicinales [p. 64, "polyines"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Dubray, M. (2018). Guide des contre-indications des principales plantes médicinales [p. 75, "polyines"]. Editions Lucien Souny.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 349, "polyines"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 123, "polyines"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 98, "polyines"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Vanopdenbosch, Y. (2022). Herba medicinalis: 210 monographies de plantes médicinales [p. 73, "polyines"]. Editions Amyris.
Protocyanin 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 98, "protocyanine"]. Larousse.
Secoiridoid 2
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 349, "sécoiridoïdes"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Vanopdenbosch, Y. (2022). Herba medicinalis: 210 monographies de plantes médicinales [p. 73, "sécoiridoïdes"]. Editions Amyris.
Secologanin 2
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 349, "sécologanine"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Vanopdenbosch, Y. (2022). Herba medicinalis: 210 monographies de plantes médicinales [p. 73, "sécologanine"]. Editions Amyris.
Sesquiterpene 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 98, "sesquiterpènes"]. Larousse.
Sesquiterpene lactone 7
- Contemporary English herbalist Chevallier, A. (2013). Encyclopedia of herbal medicine [p. 189, "sesquiterpene lactones"]. Penguin Random House.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Dubray, M. (2018). Guide des contre-indications des principales plantes médicinales [p. 75, "principes amers"]. Editions Lucien Souny.
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 228, "principe amer"]. Omnibus.
- Contemporary French herbalist Iserin, P. et al. (2017). Larousse des plantes médicinales: identification, préparation, soins [p. 185, "un amer"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 123, "principes amers"]. Terre Vivante.
- French herbalist of the twentieth century Mulot, M.-A. (1987). Secrets d'une herboriste : 250 plantes médicinales [p. 76, "principe amer"]. Edition du Club France Loisirs.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Vanopdenbosch, Y. (2022). Herba medicinalis: 210 monographies de plantes médicinales [p. 73, "lactones sesquiterpéniques"]. Editions Amyris.
Stigmasterol 2
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 349, "stigmastérol"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Vanopdenbosch, Y. (2022). Herba medicinalis: 210 monographies de plantes médicinales [p. 73, "stigmastérol"]. Editions Amyris.
Sweroside 2
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 349, "swéroside"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Vanopdenbosch, Y. (2022). Herba medicinalis: 210 monographies de plantes médicinales [p. 73, "swéroside"]. Editions Amyris.
Swertiamarin 2
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 349, "swertiamarine"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Vanopdenbosch, Y. (2022). Herba medicinalis: 210 monographies de plantes médicinales [p. 73, "swertiamarine"]. Editions Amyris.
Tannin 2
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 228, "tanin"]. Omnibus.
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 176, "tanin"]. Editions Vigot.
Wax 1
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 228, "matières cireuses"]. Omnibus.
Xanthone 2
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 349, "xanthones"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Vanopdenbosch, Y. (2022). Herba medicinalis: 210 monographies de plantes médicinales [p. 73, "xanthones"]. Editions Amyris.
9 common names
Bachelor’s buttons (Centaurea cyanus) 1
- Contemporary 17th century English herbalist Breverton, T., &Culpeper, N. (1653/2011). Breverton's complete herbal: a book of remarkable plants and their uses [p. 112, "bachelor’s buttons"]. Quercus.
Batchelor’s button 1
- Contemporary English herbalist Houdret, J. (2011). The complete guide to garden herbs [p. 129, "batchelor’s button"]. Hermes House.
Blue-blow 1
- Contemporary 17th century English herbalist Breverton, T., &Culpeper, N. (1653/2011). Breverton's complete herbal: a book of remarkable plants and their uses [p. 112, "blue-blow"]. Quercus.
Bluebottle 2
- Contemporary 17th century English herbalist Breverton, T., &Culpeper, N. (1653/2011). Breverton's complete herbal: a book of remarkable plants and their uses [p. 112, "blue-bottle"]. Quercus.
- Contemporary English herbalist Houdret, J. (2011). The complete guide to garden herbs [p. 129, "bluebottle"]. Hermes House.
Corn bluebottle 1
- Contemporary 17th century English herbalist Breverton, T., &Culpeper, N. (1653/2011). Breverton's complete herbal: a book of remarkable plants and their uses [p. 112, "corn bluebottle"]. Quercus.
Cornflower 4
- Contemporary 17th century English herbalist Breverton, T., &Culpeper, N. (1653/2011). Breverton's complete herbal: a book of remarkable plants and their uses [p. 112, "cornflower"]. Quercus.
- Contemporary English herbalist Chevallier, A. (2013). Encyclopedia of herbal medicine [p. 189, "cornflower"]. Penguin Random House.
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 228, "cornflower"]. Omnibus.
- Contemporary English herbalist Houdret, J. (2011). The complete guide to garden herbs [p. 129, "cornflower"]. Hermes House.
Hurt-sickle 1
- Contemporary 17th century English herbalist Breverton, T., &Culpeper, N. (1653/2011). Breverton's complete herbal: a book of remarkable plants and their uses [p. 112, "hurt-sickle"]. Quercus.
Ragged sailor 1
- Contemporary 17th century English herbalist Breverton, T., &Culpeper, N. (1653/2011). Breverton's complete herbal: a book of remarkable plants and their uses [p. 112, "ragged sailor"]. Quercus.
Sultan’s flower 1
- Contemporary 17th century English herbalist Breverton, T., &Culpeper, N. (1653/2011). Breverton's complete herbal: a book of remarkable plants and their uses [p. 112, "sultan’s flower"]. Quercus.
3 scientific names
Centaurea cyanus 17
- Contemporary French herbalist Bernard, C. (2018). Grand manuel pour fabriquer ses remèdes naturels [p. 80, "Centaurea cyanus"]. Jouvence Editions.
- Contemporary 17th century English herbalist Breverton, T., &Culpeper, N. (1653/2011). Breverton's complete herbal: a book of remarkable plants and their uses [p. 112, "Centaurea cyanus"]. Quercus.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Bruneton, J. (2016). Pharmacognosie: phytochimie, plantes médicinales (5e éd.) [p. 549, "C. cyanus L."]. Lavoisier.
- Nineteenth century French physician Cazin, F.-J. (1876). Traité pratique et raisonné des plantes médicinales indigènes et acclimatées : avec un atlas de 200 plantes lithographiées (4e ed.) [p. 201, "Centaurea cyanus L."]. P. Asselin, libraire de la faculté de medecine. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58310855/
- Contemporary English herbalist Chevallier, A. (2013). Encyclopedia of herbal medicine [p. 189, "Centaurea cyanus"]. Penguin Random House.
- Contemporary French physician & ethnobotanist Débuigne, G., & Couplan, F. (2019). Le Petit Larousse des plantes médicinales [p. 64, "Centaurea cyanus"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Dubray, M. (2018). Guide des contre-indications des principales plantes médicinales [p. 75, "Centaurea cyanus L."]. Editions Lucien Souny.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 348, "Centaurea cyanus L."]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 228, "Centaurea cyanus L."]. Omnibus.
- Contemporary English herbalist Houdret, J. (2011). The complete guide to garden herbs [p. 129, "Centaurea cyanus"]. Hermes House.
- Contemporary French herbalist Iserin, P. et al. (2017). Larousse des plantes médicinales: identification, préparation, soins [p. 185, "Centaurea cyanus"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French journalist Lacoste, S. (2022). Ma bible des plantes qui soignent: le guide de référence de la phytothérapie [p. 93, "Centaurea cyanus"]. Leduc.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 122, "Centaurea cyanus"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 98, "Centaurea cyanus"]. Larousse.
- French herbalist of the twentieth century Mulot, M.-A. (1987). Secrets d'une herboriste : 250 plantes médicinales [p. 75, "Centaurea cyanus"]. Edition du Club France Loisirs.
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 176, "Centaurea cyanus"]. Editions Vigot.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Vanopdenbosch, Y. (2022). Herba medicinalis: 210 monographies de plantes médicinales [p. 72, "Centaurea cyanus L."]. Editions Amyris.
Centaurea segetum 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Bruneton, J. (2016). Pharmacognosie: phytochimie, plantes médicinales (5e éd.) [p. 549, "Centaurea segetum Hill"]. Lavoisier.
Cyanus segetum 2
- Nineteenth century French physician Cazin, F.-J. (1876). Traité pratique et raisonné des plantes médicinales indigènes et acclimatées : avec un atlas de 200 plantes lithographiées (4e ed.) [p. 201, "Cyanus segetum"]. P. Asselin, libraire de la faculté de medecine. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58310855/
- Contemporary French physician & ethnobotanist Débuigne, G., & Couplan, F. (2019). Le Petit Larousse des plantes médicinales [p. 64, "Cyanus segetum"]. Larousse.
Conditions of use
Contraindications
Contraindicated only in case of allergy to Asteraceae 4
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Dubray, M. (2018). Guide des contre-indications des principales plantes médicinales [p. 75, "aucune connue"]. Editions Lucien Souny.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 349, "aucune contre-indication aux doses préconisées"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Contemporary French journalist Fleurus, S. (2019). Phytothérapie minute : les 94 plantes incontournables pour soigner efficacement tous les maux du quotidien [p. 40, "pas de contre-indication"]. Editions Contre-dires.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Vanopdenbosch, Y. (2022). Herba medicinalis: 210 monographies de plantes médicinales [p. 73, "allergies aux astéracées"]. Editions Amyris.
Toxicity
The documents reviewed did not mention any data on this subject 1
- Phyto-info note
Side effects
None known 1
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Dubray, M. (2018). Guide des contre-indications des principales plantes médicinales [p. 75, "aucun connu"]. Editions Lucien Souny.
Drug interactions
None known 1
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Dubray, M. (2018). Guide des contre-indications des principales plantes médicinales [p. 75, "aucune connue"]. Editions Lucien Souny.
Precautions for use
None 1
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 123, "aucune"]. Terre Vivante.
Children
The documents reviewed did not mention any data on this subject 1
- Phyto-info note
Pregnant or breastfeeding women
The documents reviewed did not mention any data on this subject 1
- Phyto-info note
Energetics
Tastes
Bitter 1
- Contemporary French herbalist Iserin, P. et al. (2017). Larousse des plantes médicinales: identification, préparation, soins [p. 186, "amère"]. Larousse.
Elementary energies
Cool and dry 1
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Vanopdenbosch, Y. (2018). Plantes médicinales et tempéraments : aux sources d’une phytothérapie traditionnelle [p. 120, "froid et sec (flower)"]. Editions Amyris.