Introduction
This page is the result of the aggregation of content from 9 sources. At Phyto-info, we have indexed, assembled and synthesized all the information found to summarize it, to make it readable and easy to access. We have carefully selected our sources from recognized and reliable people.
- Physician(s) 2
- Pharmacist(s) 3
- Herbalist(s) 4
- Physician Dr. François-Joseph Cazin (1788-1864) was a French physician. Author of an imposing Practical and Reasoned Treatise on Indigenous Medicinal Plants, he is considered the ancestor of the French school of phytotherapy.
- Physician Dr. Jean Valnet (1920-1995) was a French physician and surgeon, specializing in herbal medicine in the fields of phytotherapy and aromatherapy.
- Pharmacist Dr. Carole Minker, pharmacist, has studied the traditional uses of medicinal plants by people around the world.
- Pharmacists Dr. Max Wichtl (1925-2019) was a chemist, biologist and pharmacist, he was also professor of pharmacognosy at the Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Vienna and then at the Philipps University of Marburg until his retirement. Dr. Robert Anton has a degree in pharmacy from the University of Strasbourg, he was professor of pharmacognosy and then director of the Pharmacognosy laboratory at the Faculty of Pharmacy of the same university.
- Pharmacists Dr. Claudine Luu is a doctor of pharmacy and natural sciences, she founded the Phytofrance laboratory, as well as the oldest herbalist school in France, IMDERPLAM located in the Hérault. Its co-author, Dr. Annie Fournier, is a doctor of pharmacy, specializing in phytotherapy and relaxation therapies.
- Herbalist Sophia Emma Magdalene Grieve (1858-1941), aka Maud, Margaret, Maude or Mrs Grieve, was the founder and director of the Whins School of Medicinal and Commercial Herbalism at Chalfont St. Peter, in Buckinghamshire, England. She is best known today for her 1931 book, A Modern Herbal.
- Herbalist Matthew Wood has been an herbalist for over 35 years in the United States. He holds a Master of Science in the field of medicinal plants from the Scottish School of Herbal Medicine, a degree recognized by the University of Wales in Scotland.
- Herbalist Paul-Victor Fournier (1877-1964) was a French canon and botanist. His major work, 'Les quatre flores de France', published between 1934 and 1940, remains a reference work for the identification of plants in the field.
- Herbalist Matthew Wood has been an herbalist for over 35 years in the United States. He holds a Master of Science in the field of medicinal plants from the Scottish School of Herbal Medicine, a degree recognized by the University of Wales in Scotland.
However, Phyto-info is not responsible for what these sources tell us. We only report them in a different format.
Practical information
Family
Rosaceae
Parts used
- Flowering aerial part
- Leaf
- Root
Picking info
- Harvest the flowering aerial parts between May and September, tie them into a bouquet and hang them upside down in a well-ventilated and dark place, then store them away from moisture
- Harvest the leaves as needed during flowering time
- Harvest the roots preferably from dry and sunny locations outside of flowering periods, wash and cut them into sections before drying them on racks, then store in airtight containers away from light for up to one year; beyond this period, the tannins polymerize, thus reducing the astringency
Medicine cabinet
- Dried flowering aerial parts
- Dried root powder
- Dried roots
- Tincture of dried roots
63 traditional uses
Dosages
Poultice externally
Crush a few fresh leaves into a mush and apply locally as a poultice 1
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 172, "cataplasmes de feuilles écrasées en application (ophtalmies)"]. Editions Vigot.
External decoction
Place approx. 3 g of dried roots or 9 g of finely chopped fresh roots in 150 ml (1 teacup) of cold water, simmer for 10 minutes, strain, and use hot in injections, gargles, washes, or compresses 8
- Nineteenth century French physician Cazin, F.-J. (1876). Traité pratique et raisonné des plantes médicinales indigènes et acclimatées : avec un atlas de 200 plantes lithographiées (4e ed.) [p. 187, "racine sèche 30 à 60 gr. par kilogramme d’eau; racine verte 60 à 100 gr. par kilogramme d’eau"]. P. Asselin, libraire de la faculté de medecine. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58310855/
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 158, "racine fraîche 60 à 100 g par litre d’eau, racine sèche 30 à 60 g par litre d’eau"]. Omnibus.
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 74, "1/2 oz of the powdered root […] to 1 pint of boiling water, strained and taken cold"]. Tiger Books International.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 115, "racine fraîche de 60 à 100 g/l d’eau; racine sèche de 30 à 60 g/l d’eau"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 48, "faites bouillir 20 min à couvert 1 cuil. à café de racines sèches ou fraîches dans 250 ml d’eau, filtrez […] en gargarisme (2 cuil. à soupe [de racine] après chaque repas et jusqu’à 5 fois par jour)"]. Tana.
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 172, "30 g [de racines] par litre d’eau en lavages et compresses"]. Editions Vigot.
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 244, "mélanger 1 cuillérée à café de [rhizomes] grossièrement pulvérisés avec [150 ml] d’eau froide. proter rapidement à ébullition et maintenir au chaud pendant encore 10 min puis filtrer"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
- Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2008). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to old world medicinal plants (vol 1) [p. 280, "1/2 oz. of the powdered root […] to a pint of boiling water strained and taken cold"]. North Atlantic Books.
Internal decoction
Place approx. 2 g of dried roots or 6 g of finely chopped fresh roots in 150 ml (1 teacup) of cold water, simmer for 10 minutes, strain, and drink 2 to 3 cups per day between meals for a few days 8
- Nineteenth century French physician Cazin, F.-J. (1876). Traité pratique et raisonné des plantes médicinales indigènes et acclimatées : avec un atlas de 200 plantes lithographiées (4e ed.) [p. 187, "racine sèche 30 à 60 gr. par kilogramme d’eau; racine verte 60 à 100 gr. par kilogramme d’eau"]. P. Asselin, libraire de la faculté de medecine. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58310855/
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 158, "racine fraîche 60 à 100 g par litre d’eau, racine sèche 30 à 60 g par litre d’eau"]. Omnibus.
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 74, "1/2 oz of the powdered root […] to 1 pint of boiling water, strained and taken cold"]. Tiger Books International.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 115, "racine fraîche de 60 à 100 g/l d’eau; racine sèche de 30 à 60 g/l d’eau"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 47, "faites bouillir 20 min à couvert 1 cuil. à café de racines sèches ou fraîches dans 250 ml d’eau, filtrez, buvez 2 à 3 tasses par jour"]. Tana.
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 171, "60 g par litre d’eau, infuser 10 minutes, boire 1/2 litre par jour entre les repas pendant quelques jours"]. Editions Vigot.
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 244, "verser [150 ml] d’eau bouillante sur environ 1/2 à 1 cuillerée à café de [rhizomes] grossièrement pulvérisés, couvrir et laisser infuser 10 min puis filtrer, boire une tasse […] plusieurs fois par jour"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
- Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2008). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to old world medicinal plants (vol 1) [p. 280, "1/2 oz. of the powdered root […] to a pint of boiling water strained and taken cold"]. North Atlantic Books.
External infusion
Infuse approx. 4 g of dried flowering aerial parts or 8 g of fresh plants in 150 ml (1 teacup) of boiling water for 10 minutes off the heat, strain and use warm in compresses, washes, gargles, mouthwashes or sitz baths 2
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 74, "1/2 oz of […] herb to 1 pint of boiling water, strained and taken cold"]. Tiger Books International.
- Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2008). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to old world medicinal plants (vol 1) [p. 280, "1/2 oz. of the […] herb to a pint of boiling water strained and taken cold"]. North Atlantic Books.
Internal infusion
Infuse approx. 3 g of dried flowering aerial parts or 6 g of fresh plants in 150 ml (1 teacup) of boiling water for 10 minutes off the heat, strain, and drink 2 to 3 cups per day between meals 3
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 74, "1/2 oz of […] herb to 1 pint of boiling water, strained and taken cold"]. Tiger Books International.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 48, "faites infuser 10 min à couvert 1 cuil. à soupe de parties aériennes fleuries sèches ou fraîches dans 250 ml d’eau frémissante, filtrez, buvez 2 à 3 tasses par jour jusqu’à cessation des symptômes"]. Tana.
- Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2008). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to old world medicinal plants (vol 1) [p. 280, "1/2 oz. of the […] herb to a pint of boiling water strained and taken cold"]. North Atlantic Books.
Powder of dried plants internal intake
Take 1 g of dry root powder per day 4
- Nineteenth century French physician Cazin, F.-J. (1876). Traité pratique et raisonné des plantes médicinales indigènes et acclimatées : avec un atlas de 200 plantes lithographiées (4e ed.) [p. 187, "poudre 1 à 4 gr."]. P. Asselin, libraire de la faculté de medecine. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58310855/
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 158, "1 à 4 g comme tonique astringent"]. Omnibus.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 115, "poudre 1 à 4 g"]. Terre Vivante.
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 171, "1 à 4 g par jour"]. Editions Vigot.
Internal tincture
Take 20 drops of alcoholic tincture diluted in a glass of water 2 to 3 times a day 3
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 74, "two or three teaspoonsful of […] tincture in any watery vehicle"]. Tiger Books International.
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 172, "30 à 50 gouttes avant les repas"]. Editions Vigot.
- Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2008). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to old world medicinal plants (vol 1) [p. 280, "two or three teaspoonfuls of […] tincture"]. North Atlantic Books.
18 plant properties
Anti-bacterial 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 47, "antibactérienne"]. Tana.
Anti-diarrhoeic 1
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 244, "antidiarrhéique"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Anti-inflammatory 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 47, "anti-inflammatoire"]. Tana.
Anti-tumoral 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 47, "cytotoxiques"]. Tana.
Antioxidant 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 47, "antioxydantes"]. Tana.
Antiseptic 3
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 74, "antiseptic"]. Tiger Books International.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 47, "antimicrobienne"]. Tana.
- Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2008). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to old world medicinal plants (vol 1) [p. 278, "antiseptic"]. North Atlantic Books.
Astringent 8
- Nineteenth century French physician Cazin, F.-J. (1876). Traité pratique et raisonné des plantes médicinales indigènes et acclimatées : avec un atlas de 200 plantes lithographiées (4e ed.) [p. 189, "styptique"]. P. Asselin, libraire de la faculté de medecine. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58310855/
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 158, "astringent"]. Omnibus.
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 74, "astringent"]. Tiger Books International.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 115, "astringente"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 47, "astringente"]. Tana.
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 171, "astringent"]. Editions Vigot.
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 244, "astringent"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
- Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2008). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to old world medicinal plants (vol 1) [p. 278, "astringent"]. North Atlantic Books.
Cleansing 1
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 158, "détergeant"]. Omnibus.
Counterirritant 1
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 171, "révulsif"]. Editions Vigot.
Diaphoretic 3
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 74, "sudorific"]. Tiger Books International.
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 171, "sudorifique"]. Editions Vigot.
- Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2008). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to old world medicinal plants (vol 1) [p. 278, "sudorific"]. North Atlantic Books.
Digestive 3
- Nineteenth century French physician Cazin, F.-J. (1876). Traité pratique et raisonné des plantes médicinales indigènes et acclimatées : avec un atlas de 200 plantes lithographiées (4e ed.) [p. 189, "rétablir les forces digestives"]. P. Asselin, libraire de la faculté de medecine. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58310855/
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 158, "favorise la digestion"]. Omnibus.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 115, "stimulante des voies digestives"]. Terre Vivante.
Febrifuge 5
- Nineteenth century French physician Cazin, F.-J. (1876). Traité pratique et raisonné des plantes médicinales indigènes et acclimatées : avec un atlas de 200 plantes lithographiées (4e ed.) [p. 187, "fébrifuge"]. P. Asselin, libraire de la faculté de medecine. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58310855/
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 158, "fébrifuge"]. Omnibus.
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 74, "febrifuge"]. Tiger Books International.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 115, "fébrifuge"]. Terre Vivante.
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 171, "fébrifuge"]. Editions Vigot.
Haemostatic 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 48, "hémostatiques (partie aérienne)"]. Tana.
Nutritive 1
- Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2008). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to old world medicinal plants (vol 1) [p. 278, "nutritive tonic"]. North Atlantic Books.
Sedative 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 48, "sédative"]. Tana.
Stomachic 2
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 74, "stomachic"]. Tiger Books International.
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 244, "stomachique amer"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Tonic 6
- Nineteenth century French physician Cazin, F.-J. (1876). Traité pratique et raisonné des plantes médicinales indigènes et acclimatées : avec un atlas de 200 plantes lithographiées (4e ed.) [p. 187, "tonique"]. P. Asselin, libraire de la faculté de medecine. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58310855/
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 158, "tonique"]. Omnibus.
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 74, "tonic"]. Tiger Books International.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 115, "tonique"]. Terre Vivante.
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 171, "tonique"]. Editions Vigot.
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 244, "tonique"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Vulnerary 3
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 158, "cicatrisant"]. Omnibus.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 115, "cicatrisation des plaies"]. Terre Vivante.
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 171, "vulnéraire"]. Editions Vigot.
35 constituents
6-galloylglucose 1
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 244, "6-galloylglucose"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Adragantine 1
- Nineteenth century French physician Cazin, F.-J. (1876). Traité pratique et raisonné des plantes médicinales indigènes et acclimatées : avec un atlas de 200 plantes lithographiées (4e ed.) [p. 187, "adragantine"]. P. Asselin, libraire de la faculté de medecine. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58310855/
Carbohydrate 1
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 244, "sucres libres"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Carotenoid 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 47, "caroténoïdes"]. Tana.
Catechin 1
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 244, "d-catéchine"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Cis-myrtanal 1
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 244, "cis-[…]myrtanal"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Cis-myrtanol 1
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 244, "cis-[…]myrtanol"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Elagic acild 1
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 244, "acide ellagique"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Ellagitannin 1
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 115, "tanins ellagiques"]. Terre Vivante.
Essential oil 6
- Nineteenth century French physician Cazin, F.-J. (1876). Traité pratique et raisonné des plantes médicinales indigènes et acclimatées : avec un atlas de 200 plantes lithographiées (4e ed.) [p. 187, "huile volatile"]. P. Asselin, libraire de la faculté de medecine. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58310855/
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 158, "essence aromatique"]. Omnibus.
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 74, "volatil oil"]. Tiger Books International.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 115, "huile essentielle"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 47, "huile essentielle"]. Tana.
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 244, "huile essentielle"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Eugenol 7
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 158, "eugénol"]. Omnibus.
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 74, "eugenol"]. Tiger Books International.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 115, "eugénol"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 47, "eugénol"]. Tana.
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 171, "eugénol"]. Editions Vigot.
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 243, "eugénol"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
- Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2009). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to new world medicinal plants (vol 2) [p. 166, "clove oil [eugenol]"]. North Atlantic Books.
Flavonoid 2
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 115, "flavonoïdes"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 47, "flavonoïdes"]. Tana.
Fructose 2
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 115, "fructose"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 244, "fructose"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Gallic acid 1
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 244, "acide gallique"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Gallotannin 2
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 115, "tanins galliques"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 244, "gallotanins"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Geoside 5
- Nineteenth century French physician Cazin, F.-J. (1876). Traité pratique et raisonné des plantes médicinales indigènes et acclimatées : avec un atlas de 200 plantes lithographiées (4e ed.) [p. 187, "géine"]. P. Asselin, libraire de la faculté de medecine. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58310855/
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 158, "géoside"]. Omnibus.
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 74, "gein"]. Tiger Books International.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 115, "géine (ou géoiside)"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 244, "géines (=géoside)"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Germacranolide 1
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 244, "sesquiterpènes […] germacranolide (partie aérienne)"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Glucose 2
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 115, "glucose"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 244, "glucose"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Gum 2
- Nineteenth century French physician Cazin, F.-J. (1876). Traité pratique et raisonné des plantes médicinales indigènes et acclimatées : avec un atlas de 200 plantes lithographiées (4e ed.) [p. 187, "matière gommeuse"]. P. Asselin, libraire de la faculté de medecine. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58310855/
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 74, "gum"]. Tiger Books International.
Monoterpene 1
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 115, "monoterpènes"]. Terre Vivante.
Monoterpenoid 1
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 244, "monoterpènes oxygénés"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Myrtanal 1
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 244, "trans-myrtanal"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Myrtanol 1
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 244, "trans-myrtanol"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Phenolic acid 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 47, "acides phénoliques"]. Tana.
Phenylpropanoid 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 47, "phénylpropanoïdes"]. Tana.
Raffinose 2
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 115, "raffinose"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 244, "raffinose"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Resin 4
- Nineteenth century French physician Cazin, F.-J. (1876). Traité pratique et raisonné des plantes médicinales indigènes et acclimatées : avec un atlas de 200 plantes lithographiées (4e ed.) [p. 187, "résine"]. P. Asselin, libraire de la faculté de medecine. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58310855/
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 158, "résine"]. Omnibus.
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 74, "resin"]. Tiger Books International.
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 171, "résine"]. Editions Vigot.
Sesquiterpene lactone 2
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 158, "matière amère"]. Omnibus.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 47, "lactones sesquiterpéniques"]. Tana.
Stachyose 2
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 115, "stachyose en hiver"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 244, "stachyose"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Sugar 4
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 158, "saccharose"]. Omnibus.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 115, "saccharose"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 47, "sucres"]. Tana.
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 244, "saccharose"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Tannic acid 1
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 74, "tannic acid"]. Tiger Books International.
Tannin 5
- Nineteenth century French physician Cazin, F.-J. (1876). Traité pratique et raisonné des plantes médicinales indigènes et acclimatées : avec un atlas de 200 plantes lithographiées (4e ed.) [p. 187, "tannin"]. P. Asselin, libraire de la faculté de medecine. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58310855/
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 158, "tanin"]. Omnibus.
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 74, "tannin"]. Tiger Books International.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 47, "tanins"]. Tana.
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 171, "tanin"]. Editions Vigot.
Triterpene 1
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 115, "triterpènes"]. Terre Vivante.
Vicianosis 2
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 115, "vicianose"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 244, "vicianose"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Vitamin C 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 47, "vitamine C"]. Tana.
6 common names
Indian chocolate 1
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 75, "Indian chocolate"]. Tiger Books International.
Cure all 1
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 75, "cure all"]. Tiger Books International.
Drooping avens 1
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 75, "drooping avens"]. Tiger Books International.
Nodding avens 1
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 75, "nodding avens"]. Tiger Books International.
Water avens 2
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 75, "water avens"]. Tiger Books International.
- Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2009). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to new world medicinal plants (vol 2) [p. 166, "water avens"]. North Atlantic Books.
Water flower 1
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 75, "water flower"]. Tiger Books International.
scientific name
Geum rivale 6
- Nineteenth century French physician Cazin, F.-J. (1876). Traité pratique et raisonné des plantes médicinales indigènes et acclimatées : avec un atlas de 200 plantes lithographiées (4e ed.) [p. 189, "Geum rivale L."]. P. Asselin, libraire de la faculté de medecine. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58310855/
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 75, "Geum rivale Linn"]. Tiger Books International.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 48, "Geum rivale"]. Tana.
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 171, "Geum rivale"]. Editions Vigot.
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 244, "Geum rivale L."]. Editions TEC & DOC.
- Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2009). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to new world medicinal plants (vol 2) [p. 166, "Geum rivale"]. North Atlantic Books.
Conditions of use
Contraindications
The documents reviewed did not mention any data on this subject 1
- Phyto-info note
Toxicity
No toxicity at recommended doses 2
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 48, "non toxique"]. Tana.
- Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2008). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to old world medicinal plants (vol 1) [p. 280, "all the avens are generally regarded as safe"]. North Atlantic Books.
Side effects
No side effects at recommended doses 1
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 244, "aucun en cas d’usage normal"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Risk of nausea and vomiting at high doses 1
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 115, "peut occasionner nausées et vomissements […] à doses excessives"]. Terre Vivante.
Drug interactions
Do not use with iron salts and gelatin 1
- Nineteenth century French physician Cazin, F.-J. (1876). Traité pratique et raisonné des plantes médicinales indigènes et acclimatées : avec un atlas de 200 plantes lithographiées (4e ed.) [p. 187, "les sels de fer, la gélatine"]. P. Asselin, libraire de la faculté de medecine. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58310855/
Precautions for use
Water avens is used in the same way as city avens (Geum urbanum) 7
- Nineteenth century French physician Cazin, F.-J. (1876). Traité pratique et raisonné des plantes médicinales indigènes et acclimatées : avec un atlas de 200 plantes lithographiées (4e ed.) [p. 189, "mêmes propriétés [que la benoîte commune {Geum urbanum)]"]. P. Asselin, libraire de la faculté de medecine. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58310855/
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 158, "la benoîte des ruisseaux [possède des propriétés analogues à la benoîte commune (Geum urbanum)]"]. Omnibus.
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 75, "the water avens has similar properties to those of the common avens and is employed in the same way"]. Tiger Books International.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 114, "propriétés pratiquement analogues [à la benoîte commune [Geum urbanum)]"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 48, "la plante est utilisée […] de la même manière que la benoite commune (Geum urbanum)"]. Tana.
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 244, "utilisées de façon analogue [à la benoîte commune (Geum urbanum)]"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
- Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2009). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to new world medicinal plants (vol 2) [p. 166, "have almost identical properties to [Geum urbanum]"]. North Atlantic Books.
Children
The documents reviewed did not mention any data on this subject 1
- Phyto-info note
Pregnant or breastfeeding women
Do not use if pregnant or breast-feeding 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 48, "déconseillé pendant la grossesse"]. Tana.
Energetics
Tastes
Acrid 1
- Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2008). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to old world medicinal plants (vol 1) [p. 279, "pungent"]. North Atlantic Books.
Aromatic 5
- Nineteenth century French physician Cazin, F.-J. (1876). Traité pratique et raisonné des plantes médicinales indigènes et acclimatées : avec un atlas de 200 plantes lithographiées (4e ed.) [p. 187, "amertume"]. P. Asselin, libraire de la faculté de medecine. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58310855/
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 158, "aromatique"]. Omnibus.
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 74, "aromatic"]. Tiger Books International.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 114, "aromatique"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2008). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to old world medicinal plants (vol 1) [p. 278, "aromatic"]. North Atlantic Books.
Bitter 4
- Nineteenth century French physician Cazin, F.-J. (1876). Traité pratique et raisonné des plantes médicinales indigènes et acclimatées : avec un atlas de 200 plantes lithographiées (4e ed.) [p. 187, "âpre"]. P. Asselin, libraire de la faculté de medecine. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58310855/
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 74, "slightly bitter"]. Tiger Books International.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 114, "amère"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 243, "légèrement amère"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Clove 2
- Nineteenth century French physician Cazin, F.-J. (1876). Traité pratique et raisonné des plantes médicinales indigènes et acclimatées : avec un atlas de 200 plantes lithographiées (4e ed.) [p. 187, "[saveur] de girofle"]. P. Asselin, libraire de la faculté de medecine. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58310855/
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 74, "clove-like"]. Tiger Books International.
Sweet 1
- Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2008). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to old world medicinal plants (vol 1) [p. 279, "sweet"]. North Atlantic Books.
Elementary energies
The documents reviewed did not mention any data on this subject 1
- Phyto-info note