Blackthorn

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Introduction

This page is the result of the aggregation of content from 14 sources. At Phyto-info, we have indexed, assembled and synthesized all the information found to summarize it, to make it readable and easy to access. We have carefully selected our sources from recognized and reliable people.

Physician(s) 4
Pharmacist(s) 3
Herbalist(s) 7

Physician Dr. Jean Valnet (1920-1995) was a French physician and surgeon, specializing in herbal medicine in the fields of phytotherapy and aromatherapy.
Physician Dr. François-Joseph Cazin (1788-1864) was a French physician. Author of an imposing Practical and Reasoned Treatise on Indigenous Medicinal Plants, he is considered the ancestor of the French school of phytotherapy.
Doctor & Ethnobotanist Dr. Gérard Debuigne is a French doctor, specializing in phytotherapy and nutrition. Hi co-author, Dr. François Couplan is a French ethnobotanist and writer, specializing in the traditional uses of wild edible plants, which he has studied on all five continents and of which he is a pioneer in Europe.
Physician Dr Jean Morel has been a doctor in Besançon since 1980. A student of Dr. Jean Valnet, he is president of the Franche-Comté Society of Société Franc-comtoise de Phytothérapie et d'Aromathérapie created in 1982. He has been using plants for more than thirty years and is a lecturer in the university degree in phytotherapy and aromatherapy at the faculty of Besançon.
Pharmacist Dr. Carole Minker, pharmacist, has studied the traditional uses of medicinal plants by people around the world.
Researcher, Pharmacist & Herbalist Dr Monique Simmonds is Deputy Director of Science at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and has over 30 years' experience in different aspects of medicinal plant research. Dr Melanie-Jayne Howes, a registered pharmacist and chemist, completed a PhD in pharmacognosy before being appointed Plant Chemist at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Jason Irving is an herbalist and over the past five years has taught hundreds of people how to find, identify and use wild plants at his foraging and herbal medicine courses in London.
Pharmacists Dr. Max Wichtl (1925-2019) was a chemist, biologist and pharmacist, he was also professor of pharmacognosy at the Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Vienna and then at the Philipps University of Marburg until his retirement. Dr. Robert Anton has a degree in pharmacy from the University of Strasbourg, he was professor of pharmacognosy and then director of the Pharmacognosy laboratory at the Faculty of Pharmacy of the same university.
Herbalist Steffen G. Fleischhauer is a landscape designer, specialist in wild plants and author of several identification guides; Astrid Sussmuth is a phytotherapist.
Herbalist Terry Breverton, a contemporary British author with a passion for Welsh heritage, has rewritten Culpeper's famous book for a more modern audience. Nicholas Culpeper (1616-1654) was an English botanist known as the poor man's doctor, making herbal medicine accessible to all. His book, commonly referred to as Culpeper's Complete Herbal, was a huge success when it was first published and has been reprinted ever since.
Herbalist Paul-Victor Fournier (1877-1964) was a French canon and botanist. His major work, 'Les quatre flores de France', published between 1934 and 1940, remains a reference work for the identification of plants in the field.
Herbalist Sophia Emma Magdalene Grieve (1858-1941), aka Maud, Margaret, Maude or Mrs Grieve, was the founder and director of the Whins School of Medicinal and Commercial Herbalism at Chalfont St. Peter, in Buckinghamshire, England. She is best known today for her 1931 book, A Modern Herbal.
Herbalist Michel Pierre, a trained pharmacy technician, began his career in a pharmacy that manufactured its own medicines. He has been running the Herboristerie du Palais Royal in Paris since 1972. Michel Lis (1937-2015), nicknamed Michel the gardener or green moustache, was a French journalist, known for having hosted the column Michel le jardinier on France Inter.
Herbalist Michel Dubray is an herbalist, a diploma approved by the French community in Belgium. He is also a nutritherapist who graduated from the School of Natural Medicine and Ethnomedicine in Paris.
Herbalist Yves Vanopdenbosch is a graduate hospital nurse trained in Belgium, he directs the École des Plantes where he teaches traditional European phytotherapy.

However, Phyto-info is not responsible for what these sources tell us. We only report them in a different format.

Practical information

Family

Rosaceae

Parts used

Bark
Flower
Fruit

Picking info

Harvest the bark in spring on 4 to 5 year old stems and dry slowly, then store away from light and moisture
Harvest the flowers before they fully bloom, dry in a dry and ventilated place, then store away from light and humidity for a maximum of one year, after which they turn brown and lose their qualities
Harvest the fruit from September if necessary, or after the first frosts for less bitter and more pleasant fruit

Medicine cabinet

Dried bark
Dried flower

27 traditional uses

PreparationPartFormUse
Abdominal bloating 1 Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 477, "ballonnements"]. Editions TEC & DOC.	✓
Aphtha 1 Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 334, "aphtes"]. Larousse.			✓
Asthenia 3 Contemporary German herbalists Fleischhauer, S. G., & Sussmuth, A. (2021). Plantes sauvages médicinales, les 50 plantes essentielles et leurs usages [p. 173, "épuisement"]. Editions Ulmer. Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 434, "fatigue générale"]. Editions Vigot. Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 477, "fatigue générale"]. Editions TEC & DOC.	✓
Bronchitis 1 Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 796, "toux"]. Omnibus.	✓
Cellulite 1 Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French gardener Pierre, M., & Lis, M. (2022). Secrets des plantes pour se soigner naturellement [p. 251, "cellulite"]. Editions Artémis.	✓
Chill 1 Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 477, "refroidissements"]. Editions TEC & DOC.	✓
Constipation 1 Contemporary 17th century English herbalist Breverton, T., &Culpeper, N. (1653/2011). Breverton's complete herbal: a book of remarkable plants and their uses [p. 62, "constipation"]. Quercus.	✓
Convalescence 1 Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 477, "convalescence"]. Editions TEC & DOC.	✓
Diarrhea 6 Nineteenth century French physician Cazin, F.-J. (1876). Traité pratique et raisonné des plantes médicinales indigènes et acclimatées : avec un atlas de 200 plantes lithographiées (4e ed.) [p. 881, "diarrhées atoniques"]. P. Asselin, libraire de la faculté de medecine. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58310855/ Contemporary French physician & ethnobotanist Débuigne, G., & Couplan, F. (2019). Le Petit Larousse des plantes médicinales [p. 152, "diarrhée"]. Larousse. Contemporary German herbalists Fleischhauer, S. G., & Sussmuth, A. (2021). Plantes sauvages médicinales, les 50 plantes essentielles et leurs usages [p. 173, "diarrhée"]. Editions Ulmer. Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 797, "diarrhée"]. Omnibus. 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 143, "diarrhoea"]. Tiger Books International. Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 334, "diarrhées"]. Larousse.		✓
Dysentery 1 Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 797, "dysenterie"]. Omnibus.		✓		✓
Edema 3 Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 796, "hydropisie"]. Omnibus. Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French gardener Pierre, M., & Lis, M. (2022). Secrets des plantes pour se soigner naturellement [p. 251, "oedèmes"]. Editions Artémis. Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 477, "hydropisie"]. Editions TEC & DOC.	✓
Enteritis 1 Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 477, "troubles intestinaux"]. Editions TEC & DOC.	✓
Epistaxis 2 Contemporary 17th century English herbalist Breverton, T., &Culpeper, N. (1653/2011). Breverton's complete herbal: a book of remarkable plants and their uses [p. 62, "nosebleeds"]. Quercus. Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 797, "epistaxis"]. Omnibus.					✓
Gastralgia 3 Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 796, "crampes d’estomac"]. Omnibus. Contemporary English Researcher, Doctor of Pharmacy and Herbalist Simmonds, M., Howes, M.-J., & Irving, J. (2016). The gardener's companion to medicinal plants: an A-Z of healing plants and home remedies [p. 156, "stomach aches"]. Frances Lincoln. Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 477, "crampes d’estomac"]. Editions TEC & DOC.	✓
Gingivitis 4 Contemporary German herbalists Fleischhauer, S. G., & Sussmuth, A. (2021). Plantes sauvages médicinales, les 50 plantes essentielles et leurs usages [p. 173, "inflammations de gencive"]. Editions Ulmer. Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 797, "inflammations des gencives"]. Omnibus. Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 334, "gingivites"]. Larousse. Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 476, "inflammations […] gingivales"]. Editions TEC & DOC.			✓
Gout 1 Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 434, "goutte"]. Editions Vigot.	✓
Hyperhidrosis 1 Contemporary German herbalists Fleischhauer, S. G., & Sussmuth, A. (2021). Plantes sauvages médicinales, les 50 plantes essentielles et leurs usages [p. 173, "sueurs nocturnes"]. Editions Ulmer.		✓
Kidney disorder 1 Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 477, "douleurs rénales"]. Editions TEC & DOC.	✓
Laryngitis 1 Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 334, "laryngites"]. Larousse.	✓
Leucorrhea 1 Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 796, "leucorrhée"]. Omnibus.	✓
Mictional disorder 1 Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 477, "crampes vésicales"]. Editions TEC & DOC.	✓
Pharyngitis 4 Contemporary German herbalists Fleischhauer, S. G., & Sussmuth, A. (2021). Plantes sauvages médicinales, les 50 plantes essentielles et leurs usages [p. 173, "mal de gorge"]. Editions Ulmer. Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 797, "maux de gorge"]. Omnibus. Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 334, "affections de la gorge"]. Larousse. Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 476, "inflammations […] pharyngées"]. Editions TEC & DOC.		✓	✓
Respiratory problem 1 Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 477, "maladies des voies respiratoires"]. Editions TEC & DOC.	✓
Rheumatism 2 Contemporary English Researcher, Doctor of Pharmacy and Herbalist Simmonds, M., Howes, M.-J., & Irving, J. (2016). The gardener's companion to medicinal plants: an A-Z of healing plants and home remedies [p. 156, "rheumatic pains"]. Frances Lincoln. Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 434, "rhumatismes"]. Editions Vigot.	✓
Sinusitis 1 Contemporary German herbalists Fleischhauer, S. G., & Sussmuth, A. (2021). Plantes sauvages médicinales, les 50 plantes essentielles et leurs usages [p. 173, "sinusite"]. Editions Ulmer.		✓
Stomatitis 3 Contemporary German herbalists Fleischhauer, S. G., & Sussmuth, A. (2021). Plantes sauvages médicinales, les 50 plantes essentielles et leurs usages [p. 173, "inflammations […] de la muqueuse buccale"]. Editions Ulmer. Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 334, "affections de la bouche"]. Larousse. Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 476, "inflammations buccales"]. Editions TEC & DOC.			✓
Throat infection 1 Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 334, "angines"]. Larousse.		✓	✓

Dosages

External decoction

Put approx. 4 g ripe fruit in 150 ml (1 teacup) cold water, simmer for 5 minutes, strain and use warm as a gargle 1
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 797, "fruits […] plutôt mûrs […] 25 g par litre d’eau […] en bains de bouche et gargarismes"]. Omnibus.

Internal decoction

Put approx. 3 g dried bark in 150 ml (1 teacup) of cold water, simmer for 2 minutes, then infuse for 10 minutes off the heat, strain and drink 2 cups a day between meals 4
- Nineteenth century French physician Cazin, F.-J. (1876). Traité pratique et raisonné des plantes médicinales indigènes et acclimatées : avec un atlas de 200 plantes lithographiées (4e ed.) [p. 880, "écorce, 12 à 30 gr. et plus dans 1/2 kilogr. d’eau"]. P. Asselin, libraire de la faculté de medecine. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58310855/
- Contemporary French physician & ethnobotanist Débuigne, G., & Couplan, F. (2019). Le Petit Larousse des plantes médicinales [p. 152, "30 à 60 g d’écorce par litre d’eau, laisser bouillir un quart d’heure et boire un demi litre en 24 h"]. Larousse.
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 797, "30 à 50 g d’écorce"]. Omnibus.
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 435, "écorce 1 cuillérée à dessert par tasse d’eau, bouillir 2 minutes, infuser 10 minutes, 2 tasses entre les repas"]. Editions Vigot.

Put approx. 3 g ripe fruit in 150 ml (1 teacup) cold water, simmer for 5 minutes, strain and drink 2 cups daily between meals 4
- Contemporary French physician & ethnobotanist Débuigne, G., & Couplan, F. (2019). Le Petit Larousse des plantes médicinales [p. 152, "50 g de fruits frais […] par litre d’eau, laisser bouilllir quelques minutes, boire dans la journée"]. Larousse.
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 797, "30 à 50 g […] de prunelles"]. Omnibus.
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 797, "fruits […] plutôt mûrs […] 25 g par litre d’eau"]. Omnibus.
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 434, "fruit, 1 poignée par litre, bouillir quelques minutes"]. Editions Vigot.

Internal infusion

Infuse approx. 2 g dried flowers in 150 ml (1 teacup) of simmering water for 10 minutes off the heat, strain and drink 1 to 2 cups a day away from meals for 3 to 4 days 7
- Nineteenth century French physician Cazin, F.-J. (1876). Traité pratique et raisonné des plantes médicinales indigènes et acclimatées : avec un atlas de 200 plantes lithographiées (4e ed.) [p. 880, "fleurs […] sèches 4 à 12 gr. suivant l’âge"]. P. Asselin, libraire de la faculté de medecine. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58310855/
- Contemporary French physician & ethnobotanist Débuigne, G., & Couplan, F. (2019). Le Petit Larousse des plantes médicinales [p. 152, "60 à 80 g de fleurs par litre d’eau, prendre 2 tasses par jour entre les repas"]. Larousse.
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 796, "on fait bouillir pendant quelques instants une petite dose de ces fleurs et l’on prend une tasse […] pendant trois ou quatre jours"]. Omnibus.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 335, "fleurs […] 1 g pour 15 cl […] d’eau frémissante, à laisser infuser 5 à 10 min, buvez 1 à 2 tasses par jour"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French gardener Pierre, M., & Lis, M. (2022). Secrets des plantes pour se soigner naturellement [p. 251, "une cuillèrée à café de [fleurs] par tasse […] une à trois tasses par jour"]. Editions Artémis.
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 435, "feuilles […] 1 cuillérée à dessert par tasse d’eau, bouillir 2 minutes, infuser 10 minutes, 2 tasses entre les repas"]. Editions Vigot.
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 476, "verser de l’eau bouillante sur 1 à 2 cuillerées à café rases [de fleurs], laisser reposer 5 à 10 minutes […] puis filtrer, boire 1 à 2 tasses au cours de la journée ou 2 tasses le soir"]. Editions TEC & DOC.

Wet inhalation

Put approx. 4 g ripe fruit in 1 bowl of simmering water, position face over bowl at a comfortable distance to avoid burns, cover head with towel, close eyes and inhale steam deeply for 5-10 minutes 1
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 797, "[décoction de fruits] en aspiration nasale"]. Omnibus.

23 plant properties

Anti-asthmatic 1
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 434, "antiasthmatique (bark, leaf)"]. Editions Vigot.
Anti-bacterial 2
- Contemporary German herbalists Fleischhauer, S. G., & Sussmuth, A. (2021). Plantes sauvages médicinales, les 50 plantes essentielles et leurs usages [p. 173, "antibactériennes (fruit)"]. Editions Ulmer.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 335, "antibactérien (fruit)"]. Larousse.
Anti-diarrhoeic 1
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 434, "antidiarrhéique (fruit)"]. Editions Vigot.
Anti-inflammatory 2
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 334, "anti-inflammatoires (leaf, flower, fruit)"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary English Researcher, Doctor of Pharmacy and Herbalist Simmonds, M., Howes, M.-J., & Irving, J. (2016). The gardener's companion to medicinal plants: an A-Z of healing plants and home remedies [p. 156, "anti-inflammatory"]. Frances Lincoln.
Antidiabetic 1
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 434, "antidiabétique (bark, leaf)"]. Editions Vigot.
Antioxidant 3
- Contemporary German herbalists Fleischhauer, S. G., & Sussmuth, A. (2021). Plantes sauvages médicinales, les 50 plantes essentielles et leurs usages [p. 173, "antioxydantes"]. Editions Ulmer.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 335, "antioxydant"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary English Researcher, Doctor of Pharmacy and Herbalist Simmonds, M., Howes, M.-J., & Irving, J. (2016). The gardener's companion to medicinal plants: an A-Z of healing plants and home remedies [p. 156, "antioxidant"]. Frances Lincoln.
Antirheumatic 1
- Contemporary 17th century English herbalist Breverton, T., &Culpeper, N. (1653/2011). Breverton's complete herbal: a book of remarkable plants and their uses [p. 62, "antirheumatic"]. Quercus.
Antiseptic 1
- Contemporary German herbalists Fleischhauer, S. G., & Sussmuth, A. (2021). Plantes sauvages médicinales, les 50 plantes essentielles et leurs usages [p. 173, "antimicrobien (fruit)"]. Editions Ulmer.
Antispasmodic 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 334, "antispasmodiques (leaf, flower)"]. Larousse.
Aperitive 1
- Contemporary German herbalists Fleischhauer, S. G., & Sussmuth, A. (2021). Plantes sauvages médicinales, les 50 plantes essentielles et leurs usages [p. 173, "stimuler l’appétit (fruit)"]. Editions Ulmer.
Astringent 9
- Contemporary 17th century English herbalist Breverton, T., &Culpeper, N. (1653/2011). Breverton's complete herbal: a book of remarkable plants and their uses [p. 62, "astringent (fruit)"]. Quercus.
- Nineteenth century French physician Cazin, F.-J. (1876). Traité pratique et raisonné des plantes médicinales indigènes et acclimatées : avec un atlas de 200 plantes lithographiées (4e ed.) [p. 880, "astringente (bark, fruit)"]. P. Asselin, libraire de la faculté de medecine. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58310855/
- Contemporary French physician & ethnobotanist Débuigne, G., & Couplan, F. (2019). Le Petit Larousse des plantes médicinales [p. 152, "astringente (bark, fruit)"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary German herbalists Fleischhauer, S. G., & Sussmuth, A. (2021). Plantes sauvages médicinales, les 50 plantes essentielles et leurs usages [p. 173, "astringent (fruit)"]. Editions Ulmer.
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 796, "astringents (bark, fruit)"]. Omnibus.
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 143, "astringency (fruit)"]. Tiger Books International.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 334, "astringents (fruit)"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary English Researcher, Doctor of Pharmacy and Herbalist Simmonds, M., Howes, M.-J., & Irving, J. (2016). The gardener's companion to medicinal plants: an A-Z of healing plants and home remedies [p. 156, "astringent"]. Frances Lincoln.
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 475, "astringente (fruit)"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Depurative 5
- Contemporary French physician & ethnobotanist Débuigne, G., & Couplan, F. (2019). Le Petit Larousse des plantes médicinales [p. 152, "dépuratives (flower)"]. Larousse.
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 796, "dépurative (leaf)"]. Omnibus.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 334, "dépuratif (flower)"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French gardener Pierre, M., & Lis, M. (2022). Secrets des plantes pour se soigner naturellement [p. 251, "dépuratives (flower)"]. Editions Artémis.
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 434, "dépuratif (flower)"]. Editions Vigot.
Diaphoretic 3
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 334, "stimuler la transpiration (flower)"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary English Researcher, Doctor of Pharmacy and Herbalist Simmonds, M., Howes, M.-J., & Irving, J. (2016). The gardener's companion to medicinal plants: an A-Z of healing plants and home remedies [p. 156, "induce perspiration"]. Frances Lincoln.
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 476, "diaphorétique (flower)"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Digestive 1
- Contemporary German herbalists Fleischhauer, S. G., & Sussmuth, A. (2021). Plantes sauvages médicinales, les 50 plantes essentielles et leurs usages [p. 173, "renforcer le système digestif (fruit)"]. Editions Ulmer.
Diuretic 8
- Contemporary French physician & ethnobotanist Débuigne, G., & Couplan, F. (2019). Le Petit Larousse des plantes médicinales [p. 152, "diurétiques (flower)"]. Larousse.
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 796, "diurétiques (flower)"]. Omnibus.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 334, "diurétiques (flower)"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 335, "diurétiques"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French gardener Pierre, M., & Lis, M. (2022). Secrets des plantes pour se soigner naturellement [p. 251, "diurétiques (flower)"]. Editions Artémis.
- Contemporary English Researcher, Doctor of Pharmacy and Herbalist Simmonds, M., Howes, M.-J., & Irving, J. (2016). The gardener's companion to medicinal plants: an A-Z of healing plants and home remedies [p. 156, "diuretic"]. Frances Lincoln.
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 434, "diurétique (flower)"]. Editions Vigot.
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 476, "diurétique (flower)"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Expectorant 2
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 334, "expectorant (flower)"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 476, "expectorant (flower)"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Febrifuge 5
- Nineteenth century French physician Cazin, F.-J. (1876). Traité pratique et raisonné des plantes médicinales indigènes et acclimatées : avec un atlas de 200 plantes lithographiées (4e ed.) [p. 880, "fébrifuge (bark)"]. P. Asselin, libraire de la faculté de medecine. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58310855/
- Contemporary French physician & ethnobotanist Débuigne, G., & Couplan, F. (2019). Le Petit Larousse des plantes médicinales [p. 152, "fébrifuge (bark)"]. Larousse.
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 796, "fébrifuge (bark)"]. Omnibus.
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 143, "febrifuge (bark)"]. Tiger Books International.
- Contemporary English Researcher, Doctor of Pharmacy and Herbalist Simmonds, M., Howes, M.-J., & Irving, J. (2016). The gardener's companion to medicinal plants: an A-Z of healing plants and home remedies [p. 156, "reduce fever"]. Frances Lincoln.
Hypocholesterolemic 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 335, "hypocholestérolémiantes"]. Larousse.
Immunostimulant 1
- Contemporary German herbalists Fleischhauer, S. G., & Sussmuth, A. (2021). Plantes sauvages médicinales, les 50 plantes essentielles et leurs usages [p. 173, "renforcent l’immunité (fruit)"]. Editions Ulmer.
Laxative 7
- Nineteenth century French physician Cazin, F.-J. (1876). Traité pratique et raisonné des plantes médicinales indigènes et acclimatées : avec un atlas de 200 plantes lithographiées (4e ed.) [p. 880, "laxatives (flower)"]. P. Asselin, libraire de la faculté de medecine. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58310855/
- Contemporary French physician & ethnobotanist Débuigne, G., & Couplan, F. (2019). Le Petit Larousse des plantes médicinales [p. 152, "laxatives (flower)"]. Larousse.
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 796, "laxatives (flower)"]. Omnibus.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 334, "laxatif (flower)"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French gardener Pierre, M., & Lis, M. (2022). Secrets des plantes pour se soigner naturellement [p. 251, "laxatives (flower)"]. Editions Artémis.
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 434, "laxatif (flower)"]. Editions Vigot.
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 476, "laxatif doux (flower)"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Sedative 2
- Contemporary French physician & ethnobotanist Débuigne, G., & Couplan, F. (2019). Le Petit Larousse des plantes médicinales [p. 152, "calmantes ([ERROR : app.fleurs])"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French gardener Pierre, M., & Lis, M. (2022). Secrets des plantes pour se soigner naturellement [p. 251, "calmantes (flower)"]. Editions Artémis.
Tonic 3
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 334, "tonique (flower)"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary English Researcher, Doctor of Pharmacy and Herbalist Simmonds, M., Howes, M.-J., & Irving, J. (2016). The gardener's companion to medicinal plants: an A-Z of healing plants and home remedies [p. 156, "tonic"]. Frances Lincoln.
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 434, "tonique général (fruit)"]. Editions Vigot.
Vasotonic 2
- Contemporary German herbalists Fleischhauer, S. G., & Sussmuth, A. (2021). Plantes sauvages médicinales, les 50 plantes essentielles et leurs usages [p. 173, "soutiennent le système vasculaire (bud)"]. Editions Ulmer.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 335, "bénéfiques au niveau des vaisseaux sanguins"]. Larousse.

38 constituents

Amygdaloside 4
- Contemporary German herbalists Fleischhauer, S. G., & Sussmuth, A. (2021). Plantes sauvages médicinales, les 50 plantes essentielles et leurs usages [p. 173, "amygdaline (fresh flower, seed)"]. Editions Ulmer.
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 798, "amygdaline (seed)"]. Omnibus.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 334, "amygdaloside"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 476, "amygdaloside (fresh flower)"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Anthocyan 4
- Contemporary French physician & ethnobotanist Débuigne, G., & Couplan, F. (2019). Le Petit Larousse des plantes médicinales [p. 152, "anthocyanosides (fruit)"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary German herbalists Fleischhauer, S. G., & Sussmuth, A. (2021). Plantes sauvages médicinales, les 50 plantes essentielles et leurs usages [p. 173, "anthocyanes (fruit)"]. Editions Ulmer.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 334, "anthocyanes (fruit)"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French physician Morel, J.-M. (2018). Traité pratique de phytothérapie. [p. 402, "anthocyanes (fruit)"]. Editions Grancher.
Benzaldehyde 1
- Contemporary French physician & ethnobotanist Débuigne, G., & Couplan, F. (2019). Le Petit Larousse des plantes médicinales [p. 152, "aldéhyde benzoïque [par hydrolyse] (flower)"]. Larousse.
Caffeic acid 1
- Contemporary German herbalists Fleischhauer, S. G., & Sussmuth, A. (2021). Plantes sauvages médicinales, les 50 plantes essentielles et leurs usages [p. 173, "acide caféique (fruit)"]. Editions Ulmer.
Carotenoid 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 334, "caroténoïdes"]. Larousse.
Condensed tannin 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 334, "proanthocyanidines"]. Larousse.
Coumarin 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 334, "coumarines"]. Larousse.
Cyanogen glycoside 4
- Contemporary French physician & ethnobotanist Débuigne, G., & Couplan, F. (2019). Le Petit Larousse des plantes médicinales [p. 152, "hétéroside cyanogénétique (flower)"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Dubray, M. (2018). Guide des contre-indications des principales plantes médicinales [p. 265, "hétérosides cyanogénétiques (bark, flower, seed)"]. Editions Lucien Souny.
- Contemporary German herbalists Fleischhauer, S. G., & Sussmuth, A. (2021). Plantes sauvages médicinales, les 50 plantes essentielles et leurs usages [p. 173, "glycosides cyanogéniques (fresh flower, seed)"]. Editions Ulmer.
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 476, "hétérosides cyanogénétiques (fresh flower)"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Emulsin 1
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 798, "émulsine (seed)"]. Omnibus.
Essential oil 1
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 434, "essences"]. Editions Vigot.
Flavone 1
- Contemporary German herbalists Fleischhauer, S. G., & Sussmuth, A. (2021). Plantes sauvages médicinales, les 50 plantes essentielles et leurs usages [p. 173, "flavones"]. Editions Ulmer.
Flavonoid 4
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Dubray, M. (2018). Guide des contre-indications des principales plantes médicinales [p. 264, "flavonoïdes (flower)"]. Editions Lucien Souny.
- Contemporary German herbalists Fleischhauer, S. G., & Sussmuth, A. (2021). Plantes sauvages médicinales, les 50 plantes essentielles et leurs usages [p. 173, "flavonoïdes (fruit)"]. Editions Ulmer.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 334, "flavonoïdes"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 476, "flavonoïdes (flower)"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Glycoside 1
- Contemporary German herbalists Fleischhauer, S. G., & Sussmuth, A. (2021). Plantes sauvages médicinales, les 50 plantes essentielles et leurs usages [p. 173, "glycosides"]. Editions Ulmer.
Gum 1
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 798, "gomme (fruit)"]. Omnibus.
Hydrocyanic acid 2
- Contemporary French physician & ethnobotanist Débuigne, G., & Couplan, F. (2019). Le Petit Larousse des plantes médicinales [p. 152, "acide cyanhydrique [par hydrolyse] (flower)"]. Larousse.
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 798, "acide cyanhydrique (flower)"]. Omnibus.
Hyperoside 2
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Dubray, M. (2018). Guide des contre-indications des principales plantes médicinales [p. 264, "hypéroside (flower)"]. Editions Lucien Souny.
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 476, "hypéroside (flower)"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Kaempferol 3
- Contemporary German herbalists Fleischhauer, S. G., & Sussmuth, A. (2021). Plantes sauvages médicinales, les 50 plantes essentielles et leurs usages [p. 173, "kaempférol (fruit)"]. Editions Ulmer.
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 798, "camphérol (flower)"]. Omnibus.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 334, "kaempférol"]. Larousse.
Kaempferol glycoside 1
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 476, "hétérosides […] du kaempférol (flower)"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Malic acid 1
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 798, "acide malique (fruit)"]. Omnibus.
Norisoprenoid 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 334, "norisoprénoïdes"]. Larousse.
Oleanolic acid 1
- Contemporary German herbalists Fleischhauer, S. G., & Sussmuth, A. (2021). Plantes sauvages médicinales, les 50 plantes essentielles et leurs usages [p. 173, "acide oléanolique (bud)"]. Editions Ulmer.
Organic acid 2
- Contemporary French physician & ethnobotanist Débuigne, G., & Couplan, F. (2019). Le Petit Larousse des plantes médicinales [p. 152, "acides organiques (fruit)"]. Larousse.
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 434, "acides organiques"]. Editions Vigot.
Pectin 2
- Contemporary German herbalists Fleischhauer, S. G., & Sussmuth, A. (2021). Plantes sauvages médicinales, les 50 plantes essentielles et leurs usages [p. 173, "pectines (fruit)"]. Editions Ulmer.
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 798, "pectine (fruit)"]. Omnibus.
Phenolic acid 2
- Contemporary German herbalists Fleischhauer, S. G., & Sussmuth, A. (2021). Plantes sauvages médicinales, les 50 plantes essentielles et leurs usages [p. 173, "acides phénoliques (fruit)"]. Editions Ulmer.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 334, "acides phénoliques"]. Larousse.
Phlolaphene 1
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 798, "phlolaphène (fruit)"]. Omnibus.
Phlorizin 2
- Nineteenth century French physician Cazin, F.-J. (1876). Traité pratique et raisonné des plantes médicinales indigènes et acclimatées : avec un atlas de 200 plantes lithographiées (4e ed.) [p. 880, "phloridzine (fruit)"]. P. Asselin, libraire de la faculté de medecine. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58310855/
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 798, "phloridzine (bark)"]. Omnibus.
Phytosterol 1
- Contemporary German herbalists Fleischhauer, S. G., & Sussmuth, A. (2021). Plantes sauvages médicinales, les 50 plantes essentielles et leurs usages [p. 173, "phytostérols (bud)"]. Editions Ulmer.
Polyphenol 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 334, "polyphénols"]. Larousse.
Quercetin 3
- Contemporary German herbalists Fleischhauer, S. G., & Sussmuth, A. (2021). Plantes sauvages médicinales, les 50 plantes essentielles et leurs usages [p. 173, "quercétine (fruit)"]. Editions Ulmer.
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 798, "quercétine (flower)"]. Omnibus.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 334, "quercétine"]. Larousse.
Quercetin glycoside 1
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 476, "hétérosides du quercétol (flower)"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Quercitroside 2
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Dubray, M. (2018). Guide des contre-indications des principales plantes médicinales [p. 264, "quercitroside (flower)"]. Editions Lucien Souny.
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 476, "quercitroside (flower)"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Rutoside 2
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Dubray, M. (2018). Guide des contre-indications des principales plantes médicinales [p. 264, "rutoside (flower)"]. Editions Lucien Souny.
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 476, "rutoside (flower)"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Sugar 2
- Contemporary German herbalists Fleischhauer, S. G., & Sussmuth, A. (2021). Plantes sauvages médicinales, les 50 plantes essentielles et leurs usages [p. 173, "sucre (fruit)"]. Editions Ulmer.
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 798, "saccharose (fruit)"]. Omnibus.
Tannin 6
- Nineteenth century French physician Cazin, F.-J. (1876). Traité pratique et raisonné des plantes médicinales indigènes et acclimatées : avec un atlas de 200 plantes lithographiées (4e ed.) [p. 880, "tannin"]. P. Asselin, libraire de la faculté de medecine. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58310855/
- Contemporary French physician & ethnobotanist Débuigne, G., & Couplan, F. (2019). Le Petit Larousse des plantes médicinales [p. 152, "tanin (bark, fruit)"]. Larousse.
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 798, "tanin (bark, fruit)"]. Omnibus.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 335, "tanins (fruit)"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French physician Morel, J.-M. (2018). Traité pratique de phytothérapie. [p. 402, "tanins"]. Editions Grancher.
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 434, "tanins"]. Editions Vigot.
Triterpene 1
- Contemporary German herbalists Fleischhauer, S. G., & Sussmuth, A. (2021). Plantes sauvages médicinales, les 50 plantes essentielles et leurs usages [p. 173, "triterpènes (bud)"]. Editions Ulmer.
Ursolic acid 1
- Contemporary German herbalists Fleischhauer, S. G., & Sussmuth, A. (2021). Plantes sauvages médicinales, les 50 plantes essentielles et leurs usages [p. 173, "acide ursolique (bud)"]. Editions Ulmer.
Vitamin 1
- Contemporary French physician & ethnobotanist Débuigne, G., & Couplan, F. (2019). Le Petit Larousse des plantes médicinales [p. 152, "vitamines (fruit)"]. Larousse.
Vitamin C 2
- Contemporary German herbalists Fleischhauer, S. G., & Sussmuth, A. (2021). Plantes sauvages médicinales, les 50 plantes essentielles et leurs usages [p. 173, "vitamine C (fruit)"]. Editions Ulmer.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 334, "vitamine C"]. Larousse.

5 common names

Blackthorn 5
- Contemporary 17th century English herbalist Breverton, T., &Culpeper, N. (1653/2011). Breverton's complete herbal: a book of remarkable plants and their uses [p. 62, "blackthorn"]. Quercus.
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 142, "blackthorn"]. Tiger Books International.
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French gardener Pierre, M., & Lis, M. (2022). Secrets des plantes pour se soigner naturellement [p. 251, "black thorn"]. Editions Artémis.
- Contemporary English Researcher, Doctor of Pharmacy and Herbalist Simmonds, M., Howes, M.-J., & Irving, J. (2016). The gardener's companion to medicinal plants: an A-Z of healing plants and home remedies [p. 156, "blackthorn"]. Frances Lincoln.
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 476, "blackthorn"]. Editions TEC & DOC.
Mother of the wood 1
- Contemporary 17th century English herbalist Breverton, T., &Culpeper, N. (1653/2011). Breverton's complete herbal: a book of remarkable plants and their uses [p. 62, "mother of the wood"]. Quercus.
Sloe-bush 2
- Contemporary 17th century English herbalist Breverton, T., &Culpeper, N. (1653/2011). Breverton's complete herbal: a book of remarkable plants and their uses [p. 62, "sloe-bush"]. Quercus.
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 796, "sloe"]. Omnibus.
Winter-picks 1
- Contemporary 17th century English herbalist Breverton, T., &Culpeper, N. (1653/2011). Breverton's complete herbal: a book of remarkable plants and their uses [p. 62, "winter-picks"]. Quercus.
Wishing thorn 1
- Contemporary 17th century English herbalist Breverton, T., &Culpeper, N. (1653/2011). Breverton's complete herbal: a book of remarkable plants and their uses [p. 62, "wishing thorn"]. Quercus.

2 scientific names

Prunus acacia 1
- Nineteenth century French physician Cazin, F.-J. (1876). Traité pratique et raisonné des plantes médicinales indigènes et acclimatées : avec un atlas de 200 plantes lithographiées (4e ed.) [p. 879, "Prunus acacia"]. P. Asselin, libraire de la faculté de medecine. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58310855/
Prunus spinosa 14
- Contemporary 17th century English herbalist Breverton, T., &Culpeper, N. (1653/2011). Breverton's complete herbal: a book of remarkable plants and their uses [p. 62, "Prunus spinosa"]. Quercus.
- Nineteenth century French physician Cazin, F.-J. (1876). Traité pratique et raisonné des plantes médicinales indigènes et acclimatées : avec un atlas de 200 plantes lithographiées (4e ed.) [p. 879, "Prunus spinosa L."]. P. Asselin, libraire de la faculté de medecine. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58310855/
- Contemporary French physician & ethnobotanist Débuigne, G., & Couplan, F. (2019). Le Petit Larousse des plantes médicinales [p. 152, "Prunus spinosa"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Dubray, M. (2018). Guide des contre-indications des principales plantes médicinales [p. 264, "Prunus spinosa"]. Editions Lucien Souny.
- Contemporary German herbalists Fleischhauer, S. G., & Sussmuth, A. (2021). Plantes sauvages médicinales, les 50 plantes essentielles et leurs usages [p. 172, "Prunus spinosa"]. Editions Ulmer.
- Twentieth-century French botanist and canon Fournier, P.-V. (2010). Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France [p. 796, "Prunus spinosa L."]. Omnibus.
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 142, "Prunus spinosa"]. Tiger Books International.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2015). 200 plantes qui guérissent [p. 335, "Prunus spinosa"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French physician Morel, J.-M. (2018). Traité pratique de phytothérapie. [p. 402, "Prunus spinosa L."]. Editions Grancher.
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French gardener Pierre, M., & Lis, M. (2022). Secrets des plantes pour se soigner naturellement [p. 251, "Prunus spinosa"]. Editions Artémis.
- Contemporary English Researcher, Doctor of Pharmacy and Herbalist Simmonds, M., Howes, M.-J., & Irving, J. (2016). The gardener's companion to medicinal plants: an A-Z of healing plants and home remedies [p. 156, "Prunus spinosa"]. Frances Lincoln.
- Twentieth century French physician Valnet, J. (2001). La phytothérapie : se soigner par les plantes [p. 434, "Prunus spinosa"]. Editions Vigot.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Vanopdenbosch, Y. (2018). Plantes médicinales et tempéraments : aux sources d’une phytothérapie traditionnelle [p. 141, "Prunus spinosa"]. Editions Amyris.
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 475, "Prunus spinosa L."]. Editions TEC & DOC.

Conditions of use

Contraindications

None known with the flower 2
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Dubray, M. (2018). Guide des contre-indications des principales plantes médicinales [p. 264, "avec la fleur aucune"]. Editions Lucien Souny.
- Contemporary German herbalists Fleischhauer, S. G., & Sussmuth, A. (2021). Plantes sauvages médicinales, les 50 plantes essentielles et leurs usages [p. 173, "aucune n’est connue"]. Editions Ulmer.

Toxicity

Ingestion of fresh flowers, leaves, seeds and bark can cause serious or even fatal poisoning due to the presence of cyanogenic glycosides 2
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Dubray, M. (2018). Guide des contre-indications des principales plantes médicinales [p. 264, "intoxication due à l’acide cyanhydrique issu d’hétérosides cyanogénétiques … spasmes, […] mouvements brefs et saccadés […] difficulté à respirer et à parler"]. Editions Lucien Souny.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 535, "intoxication possible à l’acide cyanhydrique surtout avec l’écorce et les graines"]. Terre Vivante.

Side effects

None if the usual dosages are respected 1
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 476, "aucun si l’on respecte les posologies habituelles"]. Editions TEC & DOC.

Drug interactions

None known 1
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Dubray, M. (2018). Guide des contre-indications des principales plantes médicinales [p. 265, "aucune connue"]. Editions Lucien Souny.

Precautions for use

The documents reviewed did not mention any data on this subject 1
- Phyto-info note

Children

The documents reviewed did not mention any data on this subject 1
- Phyto-info note

Pregnant or breastfeeding women

The documents reviewed did not mention any data on this subject 1
- Phyto-info note

Energetics

Tastes

Acidulous 1
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 475, "saveur acidulée (fruit)"]. Editions TEC & DOC.

Bitter 1
- Contemporary Austrian Doctor of Pharmacy and French Doctor of Pharmacy Wichtl, M., & Anton, R. (2003). Plantes thérapeutiques: tradition, pratique officinale, science et thérapeutique (2e éd.) [p. 475, "légèrement amère (flower)"]. Editions TEC & DOC.

Bitter almond 2
- Nineteenth century French physician Cazin, F.-J. (1876). Traité pratique et raisonné des plantes médicinales indigènes et acclimatées : avec un atlas de 200 plantes lithographiées (4e ed.) [p. 880, "amande amère (bud, flower)"]. P. Asselin, libraire de la faculté de medecine. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58310855/
- Contemporary French physician & ethnobotanist Débuigne, G., & Couplan, F. (2019). Le Petit Larousse des plantes médicinales [p. 152, "amandes amères (flower)"]. Larousse.

Elementary energies

Cool and dry 1
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Vanopdenbosch, Y. (2018). Plantes médicinales et tempéraments : aux sources d’une phytothérapie traditionnelle [p. 141, "froid et sec (bark, fruit)"]. Editions Amyris.

Warm and dry 1
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Vanopdenbosch, Y. (2018). Plantes médicinales et tempéraments : aux sources d’une phytothérapie traditionnelle [p. 141, "chaud et sec (flower)"]. Editions Amyris.