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Introduction

This page is the result of the aggregation of content from 17 sources. At Phyto-info, we have indexed, assembled and synthesized all the information found to summarize it, to make it readable and easy to access. We have carefully selected our sources from recognized and reliable people.

Physician(s) 1
Pharmacist(s) 5
Herbalist(s) 9
Other 2

Physician & Biologist Dr. Christof Jänicke (1953-2017), was a doctor and worked as a pediatric surgeon in a clinic in Berlin. Its co-author, Dr. Jörg Grünwald, worked in Germany as a biologist for medical research, he also specializes in herbal medicine.
Pharmacist Dr. Carole Minker, pharmacist, has studied the traditional uses of medicinal plants by people around the world.
Pharmacists Dr. Claudine Luu is a doctor of pharmacy and natural sciences, she founded the Phytofrance laboratory, as well as the oldest herbalist school in France, IMDERPLAM located in the Hérault. Its co-author, Dr. Annie Fournier, is a doctor of pharmacy, specializing in phytotherapy and relaxation therapies.
Researcher, Pharmacist & Herbalist Dr Monique Simmonds is Deputy Director of Science at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and has over 30 years' experience in different aspects of medicinal plant research. Dr Melanie-Jayne Howes, a registered pharmacist and chemist, completed a PhD in pharmacognosy before being appointed Plant Chemist at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Jason Irving is an herbalist and over the past five years has taught hundreds of people how to find, identify and use wild plants at his foraging and herbal medicine courses in London.
Pharmacists Dr. Jacques Fleurentin is a doctor of pharmacy, lecturer at the University of Metz and President of the French Society of Ethnopharmacology. Its co-author, Dr. Jean-Claude Hayon, is a pharmacist and professor of botany.
Pharmacist Dr Jean Bruneton, honorary university professor, taught pharmacognosy at the Faculty of Pharmacy in Angers for 30 years. He is also a specialist in phytochemistry and has co-authored a hundred international scientific publications.
Herbalist Thomas Bartram is a medical herbalist. He has lived and worked in Christchurch, Dorset in England. A Fellow of the National Institute of Medical Herbalists, the Royal Society of Health and the Health Food Institute, he was also the Editor of the journal 'Health for Herbs'.
Herbalist Sophia Emma Magdalene Grieve (1858-1941), aka Maud, Margaret, Maude or Mrs Grieve, was the founder and director of the Whins School of Medicinal and Commercial Herbalism at Chalfont St. Peter, in Buckinghamshire, England. She is best known today for her 1931 book, A Modern Herbal.
Herbalist Ève Gaignard, trained in phytotherapy, puts her knowledge both on plants and on the creation of spaces, at the service of projects that respect nature or training around medicinal plants. Xavier Mathias is an author, farmer and trainer around agroecology and permaculture.
Herbalist Matthew Wood has been an herbalist for over 35 years in the United States. He holds a Master of Science in the field of medicinal plants from the Scottish School of Herbal Medicine, a degree recognized by the University of Wales in Scotland.
Herbalist Julie Bruton-Seal is a qualified herbalist, craniosacral practitioner, iridologist and natural healer. She graduated from the Selfheal School, under the direction of Dr. Jill Davies and Christopher Hobbs, in 2000, and is a member of the Association of Master Herborists (AMH). Matthew Seal has a degree in History from the University of Sussex and has worked as an editor and writer in the UK and South Africa since the 1970s.
Herbalist Andrew Chevallier is an experienced medical herbalist and author of books on botanical medicine. He is a member and past president of the National Institute of Medical Herbalists and a member of the College of Practitioners of Herbal Medicine. He also helped found the Herbal Medicine Course at Middlesex University.
Herbalist Paul Iserin is head of the phytotherapy department at the Bobigny Faculty of Medicine.
Herbalist Jessica Houdret has a passion for herbs, she has grown them commercially and has led workshops on their many uses. She served on the board of the British Herb Trade Association for several years and served as a director.
Herbalist Michel Dubray is an herbalist, a diploma approved by the French community in Belgium. He is also a nutritherapist who graduated from the School of Natural Medicine and Ethnomedicine in Paris.
Journalist Sophie Lacoste, editor-in-chief of Rebelle-Santé magazine, has also run the health section of TV magazine for around twenty years.
Publisher Dr. Anne-Claire Gagnon and colleagues wrote this book published by Éditions Vidal, a specialist in health information. It provides scientifically validated information on the benefits of medicinal plants.

However, Phyto-info is not responsible for what these sources tell us. We only report them in a different format.

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But no, we wrote this page the old-fashioned way. By reading books and typing on a keyboard with our real little fingers. The internet seems to forget this; it's important not to say just anything.

Practical information

Family

Fabaceae

Parts used

Flower head
Flowering top
Root

Picking info

Harvest the flower heads as needed
Harvest the flowering tops when they are fully open, dry them on racks in the shade in a warm and well-ventilated room, then store them in an airtight container away from light and moisture
Harvest the roots in autumn when the above-ground parts begin to decline, wash them, cut them, dry them in the shade in a warm, well-ventilated room at no more than 40 degrees Celsius, then store them in an airtight container away from light and moisture

Medicine cabinet

Dried flowering top
Dried flowering top infused oil
Dried flowering top syrup
Dried flowering top tincture
Dried root

52 traditional uses

PreparationPartFormUse
Acne 2 Contemporary English herbalist & English author Bruton-Seal, J., & Seal, M. (2008). Hedgerow medicine: harvest and make your own herbal remedies [p. 157, "acne"]. Merlin Unwin Books. Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 265, "acné"]. Tana.	✓	✓					✓
Adenopathy 1 Contemporary English herbalist & English author Bruton-Seal, J., & Seal, M. (2008). Hedgerow medicine: harvest and make your own herbal remedies [p. 157, "swollen glands"]. Merlin Unwin Books.	✓
Amenorrhea 1 Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "menstruation absente"]. Terre Vivante.	✓			✓
Anxiety 1 Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "anxiété"]. Larousse.	✓
Aphtha 1 Contemporary English herbalist Bartram, T. (1998). Bartram's encyclopedia of herbal medicine: the definitive guide to the herbal treatment of diseases [p. 367, "mouth ulcers"]. Robinson.		✓
Asthma 1 Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 265, "asthme"]. Tana.	✓
Bronchitis 11 Contemporary English herbalist Bartram, T. (1998). Bartram's encyclopedia of herbal medicine: the definitive guide to the herbal treatment of diseases [p. 367, "bronchitis"]. Robinson. Contemporary English herbalist & English author Bruton-Seal, J., & Seal, M. (2008). Hedgerow medicine: harvest and make your own herbal remedies [p. 157, "coughs"]. Merlin Unwin Books. Contemporary English herbalist Chevallier, A. (2013). Encyclopedia of herbal medicine [p. 287, "spasmodic coughs"]. Penguin Random House. Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 300, "toux"]. Editions Ouest-France. Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "toux […] spasmodiques"]. Larousse. 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 208, "bronchial […] cough"]. Tiger Books International. Contemporary German physician & biologist Grünwald, J., & Jänicke, C. (2006). Guide de la phytothérapie [p. 364, "toux"]. Marabout. Contemporary French herbalist Iserin, P. et al. (2017). Larousse des plantes médicinales: identification, préparation, soins [p. 277, "toux spasmodiques"]. Larousse. Contemporary French journalist Lacoste, S. (2022). Ma bible des plantes qui soignent: le guide de référence de la phytothérapie [p. 485, "toux"]. Leduc. Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "toux […] spasmodiques"]. Terre Vivante. Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 265, "bronchite"]. Tana.	✓			✓
Burn 4 Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 125, "brûlures de la peau"]. Larousse. Contemporary English herbalist Houdret, J. (2011). The complete guide to garden herbs [p. 232, "burns"]. Hermes House. Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "brûlures"]. Terre Vivante. Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 265, "brûlures"]. Tana.		✓				✓	✓
Cardiovascular problem 2 Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "troubles cardiovasculaires"]. Terre Vivante. Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 264, "affections cardio-vasculaires"]. Tana.	✓			✓
Constipation 2 Contemporary English herbalist & English author Bruton-Seal, J., & Seal, M. (2008). Hedgerow medicine: harvest and make your own herbal remedies [p. 157, "chronic constipation"]. Merlin Unwin Books. Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 265, "constipation"]. Tana.	✓
Depression 1 Contemporary German physician & biologist Grünwald, J., & Jänicke, C. (2006). Guide de la phytothérapie [p. 364, "dépression"]. Marabout.	✓
Dermatitis 1 Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "dermites"]. Terre Vivante.	✓	✓		✓		✓	✓
Dermatosis 11 Contemporary English herbalist Bartram, T. (1998). Bartram's encyclopedia of herbal medicine: the definitive guide to the herbal treatment of diseases [p. 367, "skin diseases"]. Robinson. Contemporary English herbalist & English author Bruton-Seal, J., & Seal, M. (2008). Hedgerow medicine: harvest and make your own herbal remedies [p. 155, "skin complaints"]. Merlin Unwin Books. Contemporary English herbalist Chevallier, A. (2013). Encyclopedia of herbal medicine [p. 287, "skin conditions"]. Penguin Random House. Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "problèmes de peau"]. Larousse. Contemporary German physician & biologist Grünwald, J., & Jänicke, C. (2006). Guide de la phytothérapie [p. 364, "dermatoses chroniques"]. Marabout. Contemporary English herbalist Houdret, J. (2011). The complete guide to garden herbs [p. 232, "skin complaints"]. Hermes House. Contemporary French herbalist Iserin, P. et al. (2017). Larousse des plantes médicinales: identification, préparation, soins [p. 277, "affections cutanés"]. Larousse. Contemporary French journalist Lacoste, S. (2022). Ma bible des plantes qui soignent: le guide de référence de la phytothérapie [p. 485, "dermatoses"]. Leduc. Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "problèmes de peau"]. Terre Vivante. Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 265, "affections cutanées"]. Tana. Contemporary English Researcher, Doctor of Pharmacy and Herbalist Simmonds, M., Howes, M.-J., & Irving, J. (2016). The gardener's companion to medicinal plants: an A-Z of healing plants and home remedies [p. 197, "skin complaints"]. Frances Lincoln.	✓	✓		✓		✓	✓
Dry cough 2 Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "toux sèches"]. Larousse. Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "toux sèches"]. Terre Vivante.	✓			✓
Dry skin 1 Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2008). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to old world medicinal plants (vol 1) [p. 491, "dry skin"]. North Atlantic Books.	✓	✓		✓		✓
Dysmenorrhea 1 Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 264, "douleurs mentruelles"]. Tana.	✓
Dyspepsia 1 Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 265, "affections digestives"]. Tana.	✓
Eczema 9 Contemporary English herbalist Bartram, T. (1998). Bartram's encyclopedia of herbal medicine: the definitive guide to the herbal treatment of diseases [p. 367, "eczema"]. Robinson. Contemporary English herbalist & English author Bruton-Seal, J., & Seal, M. (2008). Hedgerow medicine: harvest and make your own herbal remedies [p. 157, "eczema"]. Merlin Unwin Books. Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "eczéma"]. Larousse. Contemporary German physician & biologist Grünwald, J., & Jänicke, C. (2006). Guide de la phytothérapie [p. 364, "eczéma"]. Marabout. Contemporary English herbalist Houdret, J. (2011). The complete guide to garden herbs [p. 232, "eczema"]. Hermes House. Contemporary French journalist Lacoste, S. (2022). Ma bible des plantes qui soignent: le guide de référence de la phytothérapie [p. 485, "eczéma"]. Leduc. Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "eczéma"]. Terre Vivante. Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 265, "eczéma"]. Tana. Contemporary English Researcher, Doctor of Pharmacy and Herbalist Simmonds, M., Howes, M.-J., & Irving, J. (2016). The gardener's companion to medicinal plants: an A-Z of healing plants and home remedies [p. 197, "eczema"]. Frances Lincoln.	✓	✓		✓		✓
Eye strain 2 Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "yeux fatigués"]. Larousse. Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "yeux fatigués"]. Terre Vivante.		✓
Furuncle 1 Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 265, "furoncles"]. Tana.		✓					✓
Gastritis 1 Contemporary German physician & biologist Grünwald, J., & Jänicke, C. (2006). Guide de la phytothérapie [p. 364, "inflammation gastrique"]. Marabout.	✓
Gout 2 Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 300, "goutte"]. Editions Ouest-France. Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 265, "goutte"]. Tana.	✓
Herpes 1 Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2008). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to old world medicinal plants (vol 1) [p. 491, "cold sores"]. North Atlantic Books.			✓
Hot flushes 5 Contemporary English herbalist & English author Bruton-Seal, J., & Seal, M. (2008). Hedgerow medicine: harvest and make your own herbal remedies [p. 157, "hot flushes"]. Merlin Unwin Books. Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "bouffées de chaleur"]. Larousse. Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "bouffées de chaleur"]. Terre Vivante. Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 264, "bouffées de chaleur"]. Tana. Contemporary English Researcher, Doctor of Pharmacy and Herbalist Simmonds, M., Howes, M.-J., & Irving, J. (2016). The gardener's companion to medicinal plants: an A-Z of healing plants and home remedies [p. 197, "hot flushes"]. Frances Lincoln.	✓			✓
Hypercholesterolemia 2 Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "mauvais cholestérol"]. Larousse. Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 264, "cholestérol"]. Tana.	✓
Hyperhidrosis 3 Contemporary English herbalist Bartram, T. (1998). Bartram's encyclopedia of herbal medicine: the definitive guide to the herbal treatment of diseases [p. 367, "night sweats"]. Robinson. Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "sueurs nocturnes"]. Larousse. Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 264, "sueurs nocturnes"]. Tana.	✓			✓
Hypersalivation 1 Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2008). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to old world medicinal plants (vol 1) [p. 490, "profuse flow of saliva"]. North Atlantic Books.	✓			✓
Hypertension 1 Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 264, "hypertension"]. Tana.	✓
Icterus 1 Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 265, "jaunisse"]. Tana.	✓
Insect bite 1 Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 125, "piqûres d’insectes"]. Larousse.						✓	✓
Insomnia 2 Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 265, "insomnie"]. Tana. Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2008). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to old world medicinal plants (vol 1) [p. 491, "insomnia"]. North Atlantic Books.	✓			✓
Leucorrhea 1 Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "leucorrhées"]. Terre Vivante.		✓
Mastitis 2 Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 264, "mastites"]. Tana. Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2008). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to old world medicinal plants (vol 1) [p. 490, "mastitis"]. North Atlantic Books.	✓			✓
Menopausal disorder 12 Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Bruneton, J. (2016). Pharmacognosie: phytochimie, plantes médicinales (5e éd.) [p. 519, "symptômes vasomoteurs liés à la ménopause"]. Lavoisier. Contemporary English herbalist & English author Bruton-Seal, J., & Seal, M. (2008). Hedgerow medicine: harvest and make your own herbal remedies [p. 155, "menopause reliving symtoms"]. Merlin Unwin Books. Contemporary English herbalist Chevallier, A. (2013). Encyclopedia of herbal medicine [p. 287, "problems related to the menopause"]. Penguin Random House. Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 301, "menopause"]. Editions Ouest-France. Contemporary French Vidal Editions Gagnon, A.-C., Grole_idau, P., Korsia-Meffre, S., Richez, F., & Senart, S. (2010). Le guide des plantes qui soignent [p. 127, "troubles de la ménopause"]. Vidal. Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "symptômes de la ménopause"]. Larousse. Contemporary German physician & biologist Grünwald, J., & Jänicke, C. (2006). Guide de la phytothérapie [p. 363, "problèmes liés à la ménopause"]. Marabout. Contemporary French herbalist Iserin, P. et al. (2017). Larousse des plantes médicinales: identification, préparation, soins [p. 277, "problèmes associés à la ménopause"]. Larousse. Contemporary French journalist Lacoste, S. (2022). Ma bible des plantes qui soignent: le guide de référence de la phytothérapie [p. 485, "ménopause"]. Leduc. Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "symptômes de la ménopause"]. Terre Vivante. Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 264, "désagréments liés à la ménoapuse"]. Tana. Contemporary English Researcher, Doctor of Pharmacy and Herbalist Simmonds, M., Howes, M.-J., & Irving, J. (2016). The gardener's companion to medicinal plants: an A-Z of healing plants and home remedies [p. 197, "menopausal symptoms"]. Frances Lincoln.	✓			✓
Mumps 1 Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2008). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to old world medicinal plants (vol 1) [p. 489, "swollen parotids"]. North Atlantic Books.	✓			✓
Mycosis 1 Contemporary German physician & biologist Grünwald, J., & Jänicke, C. (2006). Guide de la phytothérapie [p. 364, "champignons"]. Marabout.	✓
Nervousness 1 Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "nervosité"]. Terre Vivante.	✓			✓
Osteopenia 3 Contemporary English herbalist Chevallier, A. (2013). Encyclopedia of herbal medicine [p. 287, "bone loss"]. Penguin Random House. Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 301, "prévention de l’ostéoporose"]. Editions Ouest-France. Contemporary French herbalist Iserin, P. et al. (2017). Larousse des plantes médicinales: identification, préparation, soins [p. 277, "perte osseuse"]. Larousse.	✓			✓
Osteoporosis 6 Contemporary English herbalist Chevallier, A. (2013). Encyclopedia of herbal medicine [p. 287, "osteoporosis"]. Penguin Random House. Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "ostéoporose"]. Larousse. Contemporary German physician & biologist Grünwald, J., & Jänicke, C. (2006). Guide de la phytothérapie [p. 363, "ostéoporose"]. Marabout. Contemporary French journalist Lacoste, S. (2022). Ma bible des plantes qui soignent: le guide de référence de la phytothérapie [p. 486, "frein à l’ostéoporose"]. Leduc. Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "ostéoporose"]. Terre Vivante. Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 264, "ostéoporose"]. Tana.	✓			✓
Pharyngitis 3 Contemporary English herbalist Bartram, T. (1998). Bartram's encyclopedia of herbal medicine: the definitive guide to the herbal treatment of diseases [p. 367, "sore throat"]. Robinson. Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 300, "mal de gorge"]. Editions Ouest-France. Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 125, "inflammations de la gorge"]. Larousse.		✓			✓
Pruritus 2 Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "démangeaisons"]. Larousse. Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "démangeaisons"]. Terre Vivante.		✓				✓
Psoriasis 8 Contemporary English herbalist & English author Bruton-Seal, J., & Seal, M. (2008). Hedgerow medicine: harvest and make your own herbal remedies [p. 157, "psoriasis"]. Merlin Unwin Books. Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "psoriasis"]. Larousse. Contemporary German physician & biologist Grünwald, J., & Jänicke, C. (2006). Guide de la phytothérapie [p. 364, "psoriasis"]. Marabout. Contemporary English herbalist Houdret, J. (2011). The complete guide to garden herbs [p. 232, "psoriasis"]. Hermes House. Contemporary French journalist Lacoste, S. (2022). Ma bible des plantes qui soignent: le guide de référence de la phytothérapie [p. 485, "psoriasis"]. Leduc. Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "psoriasis"]. Terre Vivante. Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 265, "psoriasis"]. Tana. Contemporary English Researcher, Doctor of Pharmacy and Herbalist Simmonds, M., Howes, M.-J., & Irving, J. (2016). The gardener's companion to medicinal plants: an A-Z of healing plants and home remedies [p. 197, "psoriasis"]. Frances Lincoln.	✓	✓		✓		✓
Respiratory problem 2 Contemporary German physician & biologist Grünwald, J., & Jänicke, C. (2006). Guide de la phytothérapie [p. 364, "affections des voies respiratoires"]. Marabout. Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 265, "affections respiratoires"]. Tana.	✓			✓
Rheumatism 1 Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 265, "douleurs rhumatismales"]. Tana.	✓
Solar erythema 1 Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "brûlures solaires"]. Larousse.		✓				✓	✓
Sore 2 Contemporary English herbalist Houdret, J. (2011). The complete guide to garden herbs [p. 232, "sores"]. Hermes House. Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 265, "plaies"]. Tana.		✓					✓
Tuberculosis 2 Contemporary English herbalist Bartram, T. (1998). Bartram's encyclopedia of herbal medicine: the definitive guide to the herbal treatment of diseases [p. 367, "tuberculosis"]. Robinson. Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 265, "tuberculose"]. Tana.	✓			✓
Tuberculous adenitis 1 Contemporary English herbalist Bartram, T. (1998). Bartram's encyclopedia of herbal medicine: the definitive guide to the herbal treatment of diseases [p. 367, "scrofula"]. Robinson.	✓			✓
Vaginal dryness 1 Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 264, "sécheresse vaginale"]. Tana.		✓
Vaginitis 2 Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "vaginite"]. Terre Vivante. Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 264, "vulvo-vaginite"]. Tana.		✓
Varicose ulcer 4 Contemporary English herbalist Bartram, T. (1998). Bartram's encyclopedia of herbal medicine: the definitive guide to the herbal treatment of diseases [p. 367, "old sores that refuse to heal"]. Robinson. Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "ulcères cutanés"]. Larousse. Contemporary English herbalist Houdret, J. (2011). The complete guide to garden herbs [p. 232, "ulcers"]. Hermes House. Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "ulcères cutanés"]. Terre Vivante.		✓				✓
Whooping cough 3 Contemporary English herbalist Bartram, T. (1998). Bartram's encyclopedia of herbal medicine: the definitive guide to the herbal treatment of diseases [p. 367, "whooping cough"]. Robinson. 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 208, "whooping-cough"]. Tiger Books International. Contemporary German physician & biologist Grünwald, J., & Jänicke, C. (2006). Guide de la phytothérapie [p. 364, "coqueluche"]. Marabout.	✓			✓

Dosages

Poultice externally

Crush a few fresh flowers into a paste (optional addition of a tablespoon of vegetable oil) and apply as a poultice for 15 minutes to the affected area 2 to 3 times a day 2
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 125, "fleurs fraîches écrasées en application locale"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 265, "broyez 1 cuil. à café de fleurs fraîches avec 1 cuil. à soupe d’huile végétale ou de beurre et appliquer […] 15 min sur la zone à traiter […] 2 à 3 fois par jour"]. Tana.

External decoction

Place approx. 3g of finely chopped dried roots in 150ml of cold water, simmer for 10 minutes, filter, and use lukewarm in compresses 1
- Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2008). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to old world medicinal plants (vol 1) [p. 491, "infusion of the root"]. North Atlantic Books.

External infusion

Infuse approx. 4 g of dried flowering tops in 150 ml of boiling water for 15 minutes off the heat, filter, and use lukewarm in compresses, washes, gargles, mouthwashes, or sitz baths 2 to 3 times a day 4
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 125, "faire bouillir pendant 15 minutes 4 g de fleurs séchées dans 25 cl d’eau […] utiliser l’infusion froide en compresse"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French journalist Lacoste, S. (2022). Ma bible des plantes qui soignent: le guide de référence de la phytothérapie [p. 486, "1 bonne cuillerée à soupe de sommités fleuries dans une tasse et vous couvrez d’eau bouillante, laissez infuser 1/4 d’heure [… en] compresses imprégnées de cette […] infusion tiédie"]. Leduc.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 264, "faites infuser 10 mn à couvert 1 cuil. à soupe de fleurs […] fraîches ou sèches dans 250 ml d’eau, filtre […] par voie vaginale à l’aide d’une seringue sans aiguille"]. Tana.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 265, "faites bouillir 10 min à couvert 1 cuil. à café de fleurs […] fraîches ou sèches dans 100 ml d’eau, filtre, imbibez une compresse de cette [préparation] tiède et appliquez-la 15 min sur la zone à traiter […] 2 à 3 fois par jour"]. Tana.

Internal infusion

Infuse approx. 4g of dried flowering tops in 150ml of boiling water for 15 minutes off the heat, filter, and drink 2 to 3 cups per day for 4 to 6 weeks 8
- Contemporary English herbalist Bartram, T. (1998). Bartram's encyclopedia of herbal medicine: the definitive guide to the herbal treatment of diseases [p. 367, "thrice daily, 1oz to 1 pint boiling water, infuse 15 minutes, dose 1 cup"]. Robinson.
- Contemporary English herbalist & English author Bruton-Seal, J., & Seal, M. (2008). Hedgerow medicine: harvest and make your own herbal remedies [p. 157, "use 1 or 2 heaped tespoons of dried red clover flowers per cup or mug of boiling water and allow to infuse for ten minutes […] 3 or 4 cups a day"]. Merlin Unwin Books.
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 125, "faire bouillir pendant 15 minutes 4 g de fleurs séchées dans 25 cl d’eau, 2 ou 3 tasses par jour"]. Larousse.
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 208, "1 oz. to 1 pint of boiling water"]. Tiger Books International.
- Contemporary German physician & biologist Grünwald, J., & Jänicke, C. (2006). Guide de la phytothérapie [p. 364, "150 ml d’eau bouillante sur 2 c. à café de fleurs séchées, laissez infuser 10 min et buvez 3 tasses par jour"]. Marabout.
- Contemporary French journalist Lacoste, S. (2022). Ma bible des plantes qui soignent: le guide de référence de la phytothérapie [p. 486, "1 bonne cuillerée à soupe de sommités fleuries dans une tasse et vous couvrez d’eau bouillante, laissez infuser 1/4 d’heure […] 2 à 3 tasses par jour"]. Leduc.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "faire bouillir pendant 15 minutes 4 g de fleurs séchées dans 250 ml d’eau, boire 2 à 3 tasses/jour pendant 4 à 6 semaines"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 264, "faites infuser 10 mn à couvert 1 cuil. à soupe de fleurs […] fraîches ou sèches dans 250 ml d’eau, filtrez, buvez 2 à 3 tasses par jour pendant 3 mois dans le cadre de la ménopause"]. Tana.

External oil macerate

Apply the infused oil as needed and gently massage the affected area 1
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 125, "macérât huileux pour la peau"]. Larousse.

Syrup internally

Take 1 teaspoon of dried flowering tops syrup 2 to 3 times a day 1
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 125, "faire un sirop des sommités fleuries pour les inflammations de la gorge"]. Larousse.

Internal tincture

Take 10 to 30 drops of alcoholic tincture diluted in a glass of water 1 to 3 times a day 3
- Contemporary English herbalist Bartram, T. (1998). Bartram's encyclopedia of herbal medicine: the definitive guide to the herbal treatment of diseases [p. 367, "thrice daily […] home tincture, 1 part flowers to 5 parts vodka […] 5-10 ml, 1-2 teeaspoons"]. Robinson.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "40 à 80 gouttes 2-3 fois/jour"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2008). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to old world medicinal plants (vol 1) [p. 491, "flowers [..] extracted fresh in alcohol […] 1-30 drops 1-3x/day"]. North Atlantic Books.

32 plant properties

Alterative 2
- Contemporary English herbalist Bartram, T. (1998). Bartram's encyclopedia of herbal medicine: the definitive guide to the herbal treatment of diseases [p. 367, "alterative"]. Robinson.
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 207, "alterative"]. Tiger Books International.
Analgesic 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 264, "analgésiques"]. Tana.
Anti-bacterial 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 265, "antibactérienne"]. Tana.
Anti-inflammatory 3
- Contemporary English herbalist Bartram, T. (1998). Bartram's encyclopedia of herbal medicine: the definitive guide to the herbal treatment of diseases [p. 367, "anti-inflammatory"]. Robinson.
- Contemporary English herbalist & English author Bruton-Seal, J., & Seal, M. (2008). Hedgerow medicine: harvest and make your own herbal remedies [p. 157, "anti-inflammatory"]. Merlin Unwin Books.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 265, "anti-inflammatoire"]. Tana.
Anti-tumoral 2
- Contemporary English herbalist Bartram, T. (1998). Bartram's encyclopedia of herbal medicine: the definitive guide to the herbal treatment of diseases [p. 367, "antineoplastic"]. Robinson.
- Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2008). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to old world medicinal plants (vol 1) [p. 489, "antineoplastic"]. North Atlantic Books.
Anticoagulant 4
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "anticoagulant"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "anticoagulantes"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 264, "fluidifie le sang"]. Tana.
- Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2008). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to old world medicinal plants (vol 1) [p. 489, "thins the blood"]. North Atlantic Books.
Anticongestive 1
- Contemporary English herbalist Bartram, T. (1998). Bartram's encyclopedia of herbal medicine: the definitive guide to the herbal treatment of diseases [p. 367, "deobstruent"]. Robinson.
Antifungal 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 265, "antifongique"]. Tana.
Antioxidant 3
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "antioxydant"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary German physician & biologist Grünwald, J., & Jänicke, C. (2006). Guide de la phytothérapie [p. 363, "antioxydante"]. Marabout.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 264, "antioxydants"]. Tana.
Antiseptic 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 264, "antiseptiques"]. Tana.
Antispasmodic 5
- Contemporary English herbalist Bartram, T. (1998). Bartram's encyclopedia of herbal medicine: the definitive guide to the herbal treatment of diseases [p. 367, "antispasmodic"]. Robinson.
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "antispasmodique"]. Larousse.
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 208, "antispasmodic"]. Tiger Books International.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 265, "antispasmodique"]. Tana.
- Contemporary English Researcher, Doctor of Pharmacy and Herbalist Simmonds, M., Howes, M.-J., & Irving, J. (2016). The gardener's companion to medicinal plants: an A-Z of healing plants and home remedies [p. 197, "relax spasms"]. Frances Lincoln.
Antitussive 1
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "antitussive"]. Larousse.
Cardio-protective 3
- Contemporary English herbalist Chevallier, A. (2013). Encyclopedia of herbal medicine [p. 287, "protective effect on the heart"]. Penguin Random House.
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "cardio-protecteur"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French herbalist Iserin, P. et al. (2017). Larousse des plantes médicinales: identification, préparation, soins [p. 277, "protection du coeur"]. Larousse.
Cholesterol regulator 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 264, "utilisé pour équilibrer le cholestérol"]. Tana.
Cholorectic 3
- Contemporary English herbalist & English author Bruton-Seal, J., & Seal, M. (2008). Hedgerow medicine: harvest and make your own herbal remedies [p. 156, "increase the flow of bile"]. Merlin Unwin Books.
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "cholérétique"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 265, "stimulant la synthèse de la bile"]. Tana.
Depurative 6
- Contemporary English herbalist & English author Bruton-Seal, J., & Seal, M. (2008). Hedgerow medicine: harvest and make your own herbal remedies [p. 155, "blood cleanser"]. Merlin Unwin Books.
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "dépuratif"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French journalist Lacoste, S. (2022). Ma bible des plantes qui soignent: le guide de référence de la phytothérapie [p. 486, "dépuratifs"]. Leduc.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "dépuratives"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 265, "dépuratif"]. Tana.
- Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2008). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to old world medicinal plants (vol 1) [p. 489, "blood purifier"]. North Atlantic Books.
Detoxifying 1
- Contemporary English herbalist & English author Bruton-Seal, J., & Seal, M. (2008). Hedgerow medicine: harvest and make your own herbal remedies [p. 156, "helping the body tid itself of toxins"]. Merlin Unwin Books.
Diuretic 6
- Contemporary English herbalist & English author Bruton-Seal, J., & Seal, M. (2008). Hedgerow medicine: harvest and make your own herbal remedies [p. 156, "help increase the flow of urine"]. Merlin Unwin Books.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 300, "diurétique"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "diurétique"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French journalist Lacoste, S. (2022). Ma bible des plantes qui soignent: le guide de référence de la phytothérapie [p. 486, "diurétiques"]. Leduc.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 265, "diurétiques"]. Tana.
- Contemporary English Researcher, Doctor of Pharmacy and Herbalist Simmonds, M., Howes, M.-J., & Irving, J. (2016). The gardener's companion to medicinal plants: an A-Z of healing plants and home remedies [p. 197, "diuretic"]. Frances Lincoln.
Expectorant 8
- Contemporary English herbalist Bartram, T. (1998). Bartram's encyclopedia of herbal medicine: the definitive guide to the herbal treatment of diseases [p. 367, "expectorant"]. Robinson.
- Contemporary English herbalist & English author Bruton-Seal, J., & Seal, M. (2008). Hedgerow medicine: harvest and make your own herbal remedies [p. 157, "expectorant"]. Merlin Unwin Books.
- Contemporary English herbalist Chevallier, A. (2013). Encyclopedia of herbal medicine [p. 287, "expectorant"]. Penguin Random House.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 300, "expectorantes"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Contemporary French herbalist Iserin, P. et al. (2017). Larousse des plantes médicinales: identification, préparation, soins [p. 277, "expectorant"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French journalist Lacoste, S. (2022). Ma bible des plantes qui soignent: le guide de référence de la phytothérapie [p. 486, "expectorantes"]. Leduc.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 265, "expectorant"]. Tana.
- Contemporary English Researcher, Doctor of Pharmacy and Herbalist Simmonds, M., Howes, M.-J., & Irving, J. (2016). The gardener's companion to medicinal plants: an A-Z of healing plants and home remedies [p. 197, "expectorant"]. Frances Lincoln.
Hormonal regulator 2
- Contemporary English herbalist & English author Bruton-Seal, J., & Seal, M. (2008). Hedgerow medicine: harvest and make your own herbal remedies [p. 155, "balance hormone levels"]. Merlin Unwin Books.
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "propriétés hormonales"]. Larousse.
Hypocholesterolemic 1
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "favorise la diminution du mauvais cholestérol"]. Larousse.
Hypotensive 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 264, "réduit l’hypertension"]. Tana.
Hypotriglyceridemic 1
- Contemporary French journalist Lacoste, S. (2022). Ma bible des plantes qui soignent: le guide de référence de la phytothérapie [p. 486, "fait baisser le taux de triglycérides"]. Leduc.
Laxative 1
- Contemporary English herbalist & English author Bruton-Seal, J., & Seal, M. (2008). Hedgerow medicine: harvest and make your own herbal remedies [p. 156, "gentle laxative"]. Merlin Unwin Books.
Normoglycemic 1
- Contemporary English herbalist Houdret, J. (2011). The complete guide to garden herbs [p. 232, "balancing blood sugar levels"]. Hermes House.
Oestrogen-like 6
- Contemporary English herbalist & English author Bruton-Seal, J., & Seal, M. (2008). Hedgerow medicine: harvest and make your own herbal remedies [p. 157, "oestrogen-like"]. Merlin Unwin Books.
- Contemporary English herbalist Chevallier, A. (2013). Encyclopedia of herbal medicine [p. 287, "phytooestrogenic"]. Penguin Random House.
- Contemporary French herbalist Iserin, P. et al. (2017). Larousse des plantes médicinales: identification, préparation, soins [p. 277, "oestrogéniques"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "phyto-oestrogéniques"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 264, "oestrogen-like"]. Tana.
- Contemporary English Researcher, Doctor of Pharmacy and Herbalist Simmonds, M., Howes, M.-J., & Irving, J. (2016). The gardener's companion to medicinal plants: an A-Z of healing plants and home remedies [p. 197, "oestrogen-like"]. Frances Lincoln.
Remineralizer 2
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "reminéralisante"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "reminéralisantes"]. Terre Vivante.
Sedative 3
- Contemporary English herbalist Bartram, T. (1998). Bartram's encyclopedia of herbal medicine: the definitive guide to the herbal treatment of diseases [p. 367, "sedative"]. Robinson.
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "sédative"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 265, "sédatif"]. Tana.
Vasodilator 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 264, "vasodilatatrice"]. Tana.
Vasoprotective 2
- Contemporary English herbalist Chevallier, A. (2013). Encyclopedia of herbal medicine [p. 287, "protective effect on the […] circulation"]. Penguin Random House.
- Contemporary French herbalist Iserin, P. et al. (2017). Larousse des plantes médicinales: identification, préparation, soins [p. 277, "protection […] de la circulation"]. Larousse.
Vasotonic 3
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "aide à la circulation"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary German physician & biologist Grünwald, J., & Jänicke, C. (2006). Guide de la phytothérapie [p. 363, "tonifient et protègent les vaisseaux sanguins"]. Marabout.
- Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2008). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to old world medicinal plants (vol 1) [p. 490, "improve the circulation"]. North Atlantic Books.
Vulnerary 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 265, "cicatrisante"]. Tana.

38 constituents

Anthocyan 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 264, "anthocyanes"]. Tana.
Benzyl alcohol 2
- Contemporary English herbalist Chevallier, A. (2013). Encyclopedia of herbal medicine [p. 287, "benzyl alcohol"]. Penguin Random House.
- Contemporary French herbalist Iserin, P. et al. (2017). Larousse des plantes médicinales: identification, préparation, soins [p. 277, "alcool benzolique [sic]"]. Larousse.
Biochanin 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Bruneton, J. (2016). Pharmacognosie: phytochimie, plantes médicinales (5e éd.) [p. 517, "biochanine"]. Lavoisier.
Biochanin A 2
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 301, "biochanine A"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "biochanine A"]. Terre Vivante.
Boron 2
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "bore"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "bore"]. Terre Vivante.
Calcium 2
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "calcium"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "calcium"]. Terre Vivante.
Chromium 2
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "chrome"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "chrome"]. Terre Vivante.
Cobalt 2
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "cobalt"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "cobalt"]. Terre Vivante.
Copper 2
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "cuivre"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "cuivre"]. Terre Vivante.
Coumarin 9
- Contemporary English herbalist Bartram, T. (1998). Bartram's encyclopedia of herbal medicine: the definitive guide to the herbal treatment of diseases [p. 367, "coumarins"]. Robinson.
- Contemporary English herbalist & English author Bruton-Seal, J., & Seal, M. (2008). Hedgerow medicine: harvest and make your own herbal remedies [p. 157, "coumarin"]. Merlin Unwin Books.
- Contemporary English herbalist Chevallier, A. (2013). Encyclopedia of herbal medicine [p. 287, "coumarins"]. Penguin Random House.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Dubray, M. (2018). Guide des contre-indications des principales plantes médicinales [p. 317, "coumarines"]. Editions Lucien Souny.
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "coumarine"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French herbalist Iserin, P. et al. (2017). Larousse des plantes médicinales: identification, préparation, soins [p. 277, "coumarines"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "coumarines"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 264, "coumarines"]. Tana.
- Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2008). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to old world medicinal plants (vol 1) [p. 489, "coumarins"]. North Atlantic Books.
Coumarin derivative 2
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 301, "dérivés coumariniques"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Contemporary German physician & biologist Grünwald, J., & Jänicke, C. (2006). Guide de la phytothérapie [p. 363, "dérivés de coumarine"]. Marabout.
Coumestan 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 264, "coumestanes"]. Tana.
Cyanogen glycoside 2
- Contemporary English herbalist Chevallier, A. (2013). Encyclopedia of herbal medicine [p. 287, "cyanogenic glycosides"]. Penguin Random House.
- Contemporary German physician & biologist Grünwald, J., & Jänicke, C. (2006). Guide de la phytothérapie [p. 363, "glucides cyanogènes"]. Marabout.
Cyanogenic glucoside 3
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Dubray, M. (2018). Guide des contre-indications des principales plantes médicinales [p. 317, "glucosides cyanogéniques"]. Editions Lucien Souny.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 301, "glucosides cyanogéniques"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Contemporary French herbalist Iserin, P. et al. (2017). Larousse des plantes médicinales: identification, préparation, soins [p. 277, "glucosides cyanogéniques"]. Larousse.
Daidzein 3
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Bruneton, J. (2016). Pharmacognosie: phytochimie, plantes médicinales (5e éd.) [p. 517, "daidzéine"]. Lavoisier.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 301, "daidzéine"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "daidzéine"]. Terre Vivante.
Essential oil 7
- Contemporary English herbalist Chevallier, A. (2013). Encyclopedia of herbal medicine [p. 287, "volatile oil"]. Penguin Random House.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Dubray, M. (2018). Guide des contre-indications des principales plantes médicinales [p. 317, "H.E."]. Editions Lucien Souny.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 301, "huile essentielle"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Contemporary German physician & biologist Grünwald, J., & Jänicke, C. (2006). Guide de la phytothérapie [p. 363, "huile essentielle"]. Marabout.
- Contemporary French herbalist Iserin, P. et al. (2017). Larousse des plantes médicinales: identification, préparation, soins [p. 277, "huile essentielle"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 264, "huile essentielle"]. Tana.
- Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2008). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to old world medicinal plants (vol 1) [p. 489, "volatile oils"]. North Atlantic Books.
Flavonoid 5
- Contemporary English herbalist Bartram, T. (1998). Bartram's encyclopedia of herbal medicine: the definitive guide to the herbal treatment of diseases [p. 367, "flavonoids"]. Robinson.
- Contemporary English herbalist & English author Bruton-Seal, J., & Seal, M. (2008). Hedgerow medicine: harvest and make your own herbal remedies [p. 157, "flavonoid"]. Merlin Unwin Books.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "flavonoïdes"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 264, "flavonoïdes"]. Tana.
- Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2008). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to old world medicinal plants (vol 1) [p. 489, "flavonoids"]. North Atlantic Books.
Formononetin 3
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Bruneton, J. (2016). Pharmacognosie: phytochimie, plantes médicinales (5e éd.) [p. 517, "formononétine"]. Lavoisier.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 301, "formononétine"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "formononétine"]. Terre Vivante.
Genistein 4
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Bruneton, J. (2016). Pharmacognosie: phytochimie, plantes médicinales (5e éd.) [p. 517, "génistéine"]. Lavoisier.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 301, "génistéine"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "génistéine"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 264, "génistéine"]. Tana.
Iron 2
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "fer"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "fer"]. Terre Vivante.
Isoflavone 11
- Contemporary English herbalist Bartram, T. (1998). Bartram's encyclopedia of herbal medicine: the definitive guide to the herbal treatment of diseases [p. 367, "isoflavones"]. Robinson.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Bruneton, J. (2016). Pharmacognosie: phytochimie, plantes médicinales (5e éd.) [p. 517, "isoflavones"]. Lavoisier.
- Contemporary English herbalist Chevallier, A. (2013). Encyclopedia of herbal medicine [p. 287, "isoflavones"]. Penguin Random House.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Dubray, M. (2018). Guide des contre-indications des principales plantes médicinales [p. 317, "isoflavones"]. Editions Lucien Souny.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 301, "isoflavones oestrogéniques"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Contemporary German physician & biologist Grünwald, J., & Jänicke, C. (2006). Guide de la phytothérapie [p. 363, "isoflavones"]. Marabout.
- Contemporary French herbalist Iserin, P. et al. (2017). Larousse des plantes médicinales: identification, préparation, soins [p. 277, "isoflavones"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French journalist Lacoste, S. (2022). Ma bible des plantes qui soignent: le guide de référence de la phytothérapie [p. 485, "isoflavones"]. Leduc.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "isoflavones"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 264, "isoflavones"]. Tana.
- Contemporary English Researcher, Doctor of Pharmacy and Herbalist Simmonds, M., Howes, M.-J., & Irving, J. (2016). The gardener's companion to medicinal plants: an A-Z of healing plants and home remedies [p. 197, "isoflavones"]. Frances Lincoln.
Isoflavonoid 1
- Contemporary German physician & biologist Grünwald, J., & Jänicke, C. (2006). Guide de la phytothérapie [p. 363, "isoflavonoïdes"]. Marabout.
Lignan 1
- Contemporary French Vidal Editions Gagnon, A.-C., Grole_idau, P., Korsia-Meffre, S., Richez, F., & Senart, S. (2010). Le guide des plantes qui soignent [p. 127, "lignanes"]. Vidal.
Magnesium 2
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "magnésium"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "magnésium"]. Terre Vivante.
Manganese 2
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "manganèse"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "manganèse"]. Terre Vivante.
Methyl salicylate 3
- Contemporary English herbalist Chevallier, A. (2013). Encyclopedia of herbal medicine [p. 287, "methyl salicylate"]. Penguin Random House.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Dubray, M. (2018). Guide des contre-indications des principales plantes médicinales [p. 317, "salycilate de méthyle"]. Editions Lucien Souny.
- Contemporary French herbalist Iserin, P. et al. (2017). Larousse des plantes médicinales: identification, préparation, soins [p. 277, "salicylate de méthyle"]. Larousse.
Minerals 4
- Contemporary English herbalist Bartram, T. (1998). Bartram's encyclopedia of herbal medicine: the definitive guide to the herbal treatment of diseases [p. 367, "minerals"]. Robinson.
- Contemporary English herbalist & English author Bruton-Seal, J., & Seal, M. (2008). Hedgerow medicine: harvest and make your own herbal remedies [p. 156, "minerals"]. Merlin Unwin Books.
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "minéraux"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "minéraux"]. Terre Vivante.
Phosphorus 2
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "phosphore"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "phosphore"]. Terre Vivante.
Phyto-oestrogen 7
- Contemporary English herbalist & English author Bruton-Seal, J., & Seal, M. (2008). Hedgerow medicine: harvest and make your own herbal remedies [p. 157, "phyto-oestrogens"]. Merlin Unwin Books.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Dubray, M. (2018). Guide des contre-indications des principales plantes médicinales [p. 317, "phytooestrogènes"]. Editions Lucien Souny.
- Contemporary French Vidal Editions Gagnon, A.-C., Grole_idau, P., Korsia-Meffre, S., Richez, F., & Senart, S. (2010). Le guide des plantes qui soignent [p. 127, "phytooestrogènes"]. Vidal.
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "phyto-oestrogènes"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary German physician & biologist Grünwald, J., & Jänicke, C. (2006). Guide de la phytothérapie [p. 363, "phytœstrogènes"]. Marabout.
- Contemporary French herbalist Iserin, P. et al. (2017). Larousse des plantes médicinales: identification, préparation, soins [p. 277, "oestrogènes"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 264, "phytooestrogènes"]. Tana.
Phytosterol 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 264, "phytostérols"]. Tana.
Potassium 2
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "potassium"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "potassium"]. Terre Vivante.
Resin 2
- Contemporary English herbalist Bartram, T. (1998). Bartram's encyclopedia of herbal medicine: the definitive guide to the herbal treatment of diseases [p. 367, "resins"]. Robinson.
- Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2008). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to old world medicinal plants (vol 1) [p. 489, "resins"]. North Atlantic Books.
Saponin 2
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "saponines"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2008). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to old world medicinal plants (vol 1) [p. 489, "saponins"]. North Atlantic Books.
Selenium 2
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "sélénium"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "sélénium"]. Terre Vivante.
Tannin 1
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "tanins"]. Terre Vivante.
Trace element 2
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "oligoéléments"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "oligoéléments"]. Terre Vivante.
Vitamin 1
- Contemporary English herbalist Bartram, T. (1998). Bartram's encyclopedia of herbal medicine: the definitive guide to the herbal treatment of diseases [p. 367, "vitamins"]. Robinson.
Zinc 2
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "zinc"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "zinc"]. Terre Vivante.

3 common names

Purple clover 1
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 207, "purple clover"]. Tiger Books International.
Red clover 7
- Contemporary English herbalist Bartram, T. (1998). Bartram's encyclopedia of herbal medicine: the definitive guide to the herbal treatment of diseases [p. 366, "red clover"]. Robinson.
- Contemporary English herbalist & English author Bruton-Seal, J., & Seal, M. (2008). Hedgerow medicine: harvest and make your own herbal remedies [p. 155, "red clover"]. Merlin Unwin Books.
- Contemporary English herbalist Chevallier, A. (2013). Encyclopedia of herbal medicine [p. 287, "red clover"]. Penguin Random House.
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 207, "clover, red"]. Tiger Books International.
- Contemporary English herbalist Houdret, J. (2011). The complete guide to garden herbs [p. 232, "red clover"]. Hermes House.
- Contemporary English Researcher, Doctor of Pharmacy and Herbalist Simmonds, M., Howes, M.-J., & Irving, J. (2016). The gardener's companion to medicinal plants: an A-Z of healing plants and home remedies [p. 197, "red clover"]. Frances Lincoln.
- Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2008). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to old world medicinal plants (vol 1) [p. 489, "red clover"]. North Atlantic Books.
Trefoil 4
- Contemporary English herbalist Bartram, T. (1998). Bartram's encyclopedia of herbal medicine: the definitive guide to the herbal treatment of diseases [p. 366, "trefoil"]. Robinson.
- Contemporary English herbalist & English author Bruton-Seal, J., & Seal, M. (2008). Hedgerow medicine: harvest and make your own herbal remedies [p. 155, "trefoil"]. Merlin Unwin Books.
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 207, "trefoil"]. Tiger Books International.
- Contemporary English Researcher, Doctor of Pharmacy and Herbalist Simmonds, M., Howes, M.-J., & Irving, J. (2016). The gardener's companion to medicinal plants: an A-Z of healing plants and home remedies [p. 197, "trefoil"]. Frances Lincoln.

scientific name

Trifolium pratense 17
- Contemporary English herbalist Bartram, T. (1998). Bartram's encyclopedia of herbal medicine: the definitive guide to the herbal treatment of diseases [p. 366, "Trifolium pratense L."]. Robinson.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Bruneton, J. (2016). Pharmacognosie: phytochimie, plantes médicinales (5e éd.) [p. 517, "Trifolium pratense L."]. Lavoisier.
- Contemporary English herbalist & English author Bruton-Seal, J., & Seal, M. (2008). Hedgerow medicine: harvest and make your own herbal remedies [p. 155, "Trifolium pratense"]. Merlin Unwin Books.
- Contemporary English herbalist Chevallier, A. (2013). Encyclopedia of herbal medicine [p. 287, "Trifolium pratense"]. Penguin Random House.
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Dubray, M. (2018). Guide des contre-indications des principales plantes médicinales [p. 317, "Trifolium pratense L."]. Editions Lucien Souny.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 300, "Trifolium pratense L."]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Contemporary French Vidal Editions Gagnon, A.-C., Grole_idau, P., Korsia-Meffre, S., Richez, F., & Senart, S. (2010). Le guide des plantes qui soignent [p. 127, "Trifolium pratense"]. Vidal.
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 124, "Trifolium pratense"]. Larousse.
- 20th century English herbalist Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic, and economic properties, cultivation, and folklore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. [p. 207, "Trifolium pratense (Linn.)"]. Tiger Books International.
- Contemporary German physician & biologist Grünwald, J., & Jänicke, C. (2006). Guide de la phytothérapie [p. 363, "Trifolium pratense"]. Marabout.
- Contemporary English herbalist Houdret, J. (2011). The complete guide to garden herbs [p. 232, "Trifolium pratense"]. Hermes House.
- Contemporary French herbalist Iserin, P. et al. (2017). Larousse des plantes médicinales: identification, préparation, soins [p. 277, "Trifolium pratense"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary French journalist Lacoste, S. (2022). Ma bible des plantes qui soignent: le guide de référence de la phytothérapie [p. 485, "Trifolium pratense"]. Leduc.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 632, "Trifolium pratense"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 263, "Trifolium pratense L."]. Tana.
- Contemporary English Researcher, Doctor of Pharmacy and Herbalist Simmonds, M., Howes, M.-J., & Irving, J. (2016). The gardener's companion to medicinal plants: an A-Z of healing plants and home remedies [p. 197, "Trifolium pratense"]. Frances Lincoln.
- Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2008). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to old world medicinal plants (vol 1) [p. 489, "Trifolium pratense"]. North Atlantic Books.

Conditions of use

Contraindications

Contraindicated in case of a family or personal history of hormone-dependent cancer 6
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Dubray, M. (2018). Guide des contre-indications des principales plantes médicinales [p. 318, "en cas de cancer dû aux oestrogènes"]. Editions Lucien Souny.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 301, "contre-indiqué chez les femmes […] ayant eu des antécédents de cancer homono-dépendant"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 125, "contre-indiqué aux femmes qui […] ont un cancer du sein"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary German physician & biologist Grünwald, J., & Jänicke, C. (2006). Guide de la phytothérapie [p. 364, "contre-indiqué en cas de cancer lié aux oestrogènes"]. Marabout.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "ne pas donner aux femmes […] qui ont des antécédents de cancer du sein, des ovaires ou de l’utérus"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 265, "contre-indiqué en cas d’antécédent familial ou personnel de cancer hormonodépendent"]. Tana.

Contraindicated in case of anticoagulant treatment 3
- Contemporary English herbalist & English author Bruton-Seal, J., & Seal, M. (2008). Hedgerow medicine: harvest and make your own herbal remedies [p. 157, "not be used in quantity by anyone taking blood-thinning medication"]. Merlin Unwin Books.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "médicaments anticoagulants"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 265, "en cas […] de traitement anticoagulant"]. Tana.

Contraindicated in case of hormonal treatment 2
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Dubray, M. (2018). Guide des contre-indications des principales plantes médicinales [p. 318, "en cas de […] traitement hormonal"]. Editions Lucien Souny.
- Contemporary German physician & biologist Grünwald, J., & Jänicke, C. (2006). Guide de la phytothérapie [p. 364, "si vous prenez des préparations hormonales"]. Marabout.

Contraindicated in case of hypothyroidism 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Bruneton, J. (2016). Pharmacognosie: phytochimie, plantes médicinales (5e éd.) [p. 517, "la consommation d’isoflavones […] serait à éviter chez les hypothyroïdiens"]. Lavoisier.

Contraindicated in the case of hormonal contraception 3
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Dubray, M. (2018). Guide des contre-indications des principales plantes médicinales [p. 318, "en cas de […] contraceptifs [hormonaux]"]. Editions Lucien Souny.
- Contemporary German physician & biologist Grünwald, J., & Jänicke, C. (2006). Guide de la phytothérapie [p. 364, "préparations hormonales […] comme moyen de contraception"]. Marabout.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 265, "prudence […] en cas de contraception hormonale"]. Tana.

Toxicity

No toxicity at recommended doses 1
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 263, "non toxique"]. Tana.

Side effects

Risk of allergic reactions is very rare 2
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Dubray, M. (2018). Guide des contre-indications des principales plantes médicinales [p. 318, "rares cas de réactions allergiques"]. Editions Lucien Souny.
- Contemporary German physician & biologist Grünwald, J., & Jänicke, C. (2006). Guide de la phytothérapie [p. 364, "réactions allergiques en de très rares cas"]. Marabout.

Risk of developing hormone-related tumors 1
- Contemporary German physician & biologist Grünwald, J., & Jänicke, C. (2006). Guide de la phytothérapie [p. 364, "favoriser le développement de tumeurs liées aux hormones"]. Marabout.

Drug interactions

No known drug interactions 1
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Dubray, M. (2018). Guide des contre-indications des principales plantes médicinales [p. 318, "aucune connue"]. Editions Lucien Souny.

Precautions for use

Limit the consumption of raw flowers and avoid ingesting raw seeds 1
- Contemporary Belgian Herbalist Dubray, M. (2018). Guide des contre-indications des principales plantes médicinales [p. 318, "déconseillé de consommer les fleurs et surtout les graines crues"]. Editions Lucien Souny.

The blood thinning effect only appears in case of fermentation during drying (conversion of coumarin to dicoumarol), rapid drying avoids this phenomenon 1
- Contemporary English herbalist & English author Bruton-Seal, J., & Seal, M. (2008). Hedgerow medicine: harvest and make your own herbal remedies [p. 157, "blood-thinning effect […] if the plants ferment on drying [coumarin convert to dicoumarol]; if dried quickly, this will not occur"]. Merlin Unwin Books.

Children

The documents reviewed did not mention any data on this subject 1
- Phyto-info note

Pregnant or breastfeeding women

Do not use if pregnant or breast-feeding 5
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Fleurentin, J., & Hayon, J.-C. (2018). Du bon usage des plantes qui soignent [p. 301, "contre-indiqué chez les femmes enceintes, allaitantes"]. Editions Ouest-France.
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 125, "contre-indiqué aux femmes qui allaitent"]. Larousse.
- Contemporary German physician & biologist Grünwald, J., & Jänicke, C. (2006). Guide de la phytothérapie [p. 364, "ne pas employer […] pendant la gorssesse et l’allaitement"]. Marabout.
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "ne pas donner aux femmes enceintes, qui allaitent"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary French doctor of pharmacy Minker, C. (2023). Le guide des plantes sauvages: 100 plantes essentielles aux vertus bienfaisantes [p. 265, "contre-indiqué en cas […] grossesse"]. Tana.

Energetics

Tastes

Herbaceous 1
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "saveur […] herbacée"]. Terre Vivante.

Sweet 2
- Contemporary French doctors of pharmacy Luu, C., & Fournier, A. (2020). 300 plantes médicinales de France et d'ailleurs : identification, principes actifs, modes d'utilisation [p. 633, "saveur douce"]. Terre Vivante.
- Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2008). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to old world medicinal plants (vol 1) [p. 489, "sweet"]. North Atlantic Books.

Vanilla 1
- Contemporary French herbalist and contemporary French author Gaignard, È., & Mathias, X. (2021). Elles poussent elles soignent, 50 plantes à cultiver pour leurs bienfaits reconnus [p. 125, "saveur de vanille"]. Larousse.

Elementary energies

Cool and humid 1
- Contemporary American herbalist Wood, M. (2008). The earthwise herbal: a complete guide to old world medicinal plants (vol 1) [p. 489, "cool and moist"]. North Atlantic Books.